lemÃŒc. Lemizh grammar and dictionary

Exercise 4 in unit 13

Translate:
Zarathustra orders his eagle not to fly.
(four possibilities; what are the differences?)

Solution

kmaká zaraqyhtè qáxky ftnÌky zèU. (‘Zarathustra forbids his eagle to fly.’)
allow-fact-opposition-fact1 Zarathustra-acc-nom2a fly-fact-acc2 eagle-acc-acc3a PIn−3-nom-ben4.
kmaká zaraqyhtè qaxkÌ ftnÌki vèU.
allow-fact-opposition-fact1 Zarathustra-acc-nom2a fly-fact-acc2 eagle-acc-dat2 PIn−2-nom-ben3.
dáxt zaraqyhtè qaxknáy ftnÌky zèU. (‘Zarathustra orders his eagle not to fly’, lit. ‘to do something that is not flying.’)
must-fact1 Zarathustra-acc-nom2a fly-fact-not-fact-acc2 eagle-acc-acc3a PIn−3-nom-ben4.
dáxt zaraqyhtè qaxknaÌ ftnÌki vèU.
must-fact1 Zarathustra-acc-nom2a fly-fact-not-fact-acc2 eagle-acc-dat2 PIn−2-nom-ben3.
Translations 3 and 4 are neg-raisings, i.e. more polite than 1 and 2. Translations 2 and 4 address the eagle directly, i.e. are more personal than 1 and 3; the latter two mark the eagle as the agent of flying, but this does not make any practical difference here.