Multilingual etymological dictionary
These are the uncensored data from the vocab creating software ‘Neogrammarian’.
*afis‑
- Gloss: ‘pear’
- Ancestor: PIE *h̥́₂pis‑om
- Descendant
- OLem fis‑
*afo
*al‑
*alg‑
*alggh‑
*algghw‑
- Gloss: ‘little, dear [term of endearment]’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Ancestor: PIE *legʰ‑
- Variant: u-stem adjective
- Descendant
- OLem algghw‑
*als‑
*alxw‑
- Gloss: ‘green’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Ancestor: PIE *leh₂‑
- Variant: u-present
- Descendant
- OLem alxw‑
*angw‑
*ankfr‑
- Gloss: ‘idle’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: PIE *negʷ‑
- Variant: r-stem adjective
- Descendant
- OLem ankfr‑
*anw‑
- Gloss: ‘new, unfamiliar’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Weakening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *neu̯‑
- Variant: u-stem adjective
- Descendant
- OLem anw‑
*ardz‑
*arg‑
*arzg‑
*axr‑
*babil‑
- Gloss: ‘?’
- Descendant
- OLem bybil‑
*bark‑
- Gloss: ‘dwarf’
- Descendant
- OLem bark‑
*blu‑
- Gloss: ‘strong’
- Ancestor: PIE *bel‑
- Variant: u-stem adjective
- Descendants
- PLem *blu‑wardz‑
- OLem blu‑
*blu‑wardz‑
- Gloss: ‘strong word, swear word’
- Constituents: PLem *blu‑ + *wardz‑
- Variant: compound
- Descendant
- OLem blürdz‑
*bwalg‑
*bwar‑
- Gloss: ‘shiny, glossy’
- Ancestor: PIE *bʰeh₂‑
- Variant: r-stem adjective
- Descendants
- PLem *dzī‑bwar‑
- OLem war‑
*bwardz‑
- Gloss: ‘beard’
- Ancestor: PIE *bʰárdʰ‑os
- Descendant
- OLem wardz‑
*bwargjent‑
- Gloss: ‘the High One (Goddess of spring)’
- Connotation
- Unsupported ending! Use root for verbs.
- Ancestor: PIE *bʰr̥g̑ʰént‑ih₂
- Descendant
- OLem bwyrgjent‑
*bwargr‑
*bwāɦ‑
- Gloss: ‘beech’
- Ancestor: PIE *bʰeh₂g‑ós
- Descendant
- OLem wēgh‑
*bwelgj‑
*bwembī‑
*bwembrw‑
- Gloss: ‘dam’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Ancestor: PIE *bʰébʰru‑s
- Descendant
- OLem wembrw‑
*bwer‑
*bwergj‑
*bwē‑
*bwēdhman‑
- Gloss: ‘one who takes something apart?’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Ancestor: PIE *bʰéi̯d‑mn̥
- Variant: [endingless noun]
- Descendant
- OLem wēdhmyn‑
*bwimbr‑
- Gloss: ‘give birth’
- Ancestor: PIE *bʰer‑
- Variant: i-reduplicated athematic present
- Descendant
- OLem wimbr‑
*bwind‑
*bwoɦ‑
*bwū‑
- Gloss: ‘insistent, (head)strong?’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: effect/purpose for cause/motive
- Ancestor: PIE *bʰúg̑‑s
- Descendant
- OLem wü‑
*daçs‑
*daf‑
*dalh‑
*damx‑
*dangwā‑
- Gloss: ‘tongue’
- Connotation
- Weakening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *dn̥g̑ʰu̯éh₂‑s
- Descendant
- OLem dyngwē‑
*dans‑
*darkter‑
- Gloss: ‘finger’
- Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *dr̥gʰ‑tér‑s
- Descendant
- OLem dyrkter‑
*darnggh‑
*darw‑
- Gloss: ‘dance’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Weakening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *dreu̯‑
- Variant: u-present
- Descendant
- OLem darw‑
*dems‑
- Gloss: ‘see’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (weakening, hardening, concretising)
- Ancestor: PIE *dekʷs‑
- Variant: Narten present
- Descendant
- OLem demt‑
*deshamt
*dēthor‑
- Gloss: ‘light-giver’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Ancestor: PIE *déi̯h₂‑tor‑s
- Descendant
- OLem dēthur‑
*didhh‑
*djā‑
- Gloss: ‘notice’
- Connotation
- Weakening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *dʰi̯eh₂‑
- Variant: Narten present
*djāman‑
- Gloss: ‘sign’
- Connotation
- Weakening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *dʰi̯éh₂‑mn̥
- Variant: [endingless noun]
- Descendant
- OLem djēmyn‑
*djēw‑
- Gloss: ‘day’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Ancestor: PIE *di̯ḗu‑s
- Descendants
- PLem *djēw‑paser‑
- OLem djei‑
*djēw‑paser‑
- Gloss: ‘Father Sky’
- Constituents: PLem *djēw‑ + *paser‑
- Variant: compound
- Descendant
- OLem djeipysir‑
*dluhw‑
- Gloss: ‘tasty’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Ancestor: PIE *dléu̯k‑
- Variant: u-stem adjective
- Descendant
- OLem dluhw‑
*doru‑
*dorul‑
- Gloss: ‘bush’
- Ancestor: PIE *dóru‑l‑om
- Descendant
- OLem durul‑
*dow‑
*dō‑
*dōman‑
*dref‑
*drnu‑
- Gloss: ‘run’
- Ancestor: PIE *dreu̯‑
- Variant: nasal-infix present
- Descendants
- PLem *xōw‑drnu‑
- OLem drnu‑
*duh‑
*dw‑
- Gloss: ‘move about’
- Connotations
- Melioration narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *tekʷ‑
- Variant: root present
- Descendant
- OLem dw‑
*dwans‑
- Gloss: ‘crumble’
- Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Softening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *dʰu̯ens‑
- Variant: nasal-infix present
- Descendant
- OLem dwant‑
*dwarnh‑
- Gloss: ‘marry’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *tu̯erh₁‑
- Variant: nasal-infix present
- Descendant
- OLem dwarnh‑
*dwarnw‑
- Gloss: ‘excite joyfully, fill with enthusiasm’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *tu̯er‑
- Variant: néu̯-present
- Descendant
- OLem dwarnw‑
*dwi‑
*dwi‑jēm‑
*dwor‑
*dwō
*dzambr‑
*dzambw‑
*dzanxw‑
- Gloss: ‘raise dust’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Ancestor: PIE *dʰenh₂‑
- Variant: u-present
- Descendant
- OLem zhanxw‑
*dzarggh‑
*dzarw‑
- Gloss: ‘announcement, order’
- Ancestor: PIE *dʰreu̯‑
- Variant: o-stem adjective
- Irregularity: nominalisation
- Descendant
- OLem zharw‑
*dzembw‑
*dzeng‑
- Gloss: ‘?’
- Ancestor: PIE *dʰég̑ʰ‑
- Variant: Narten present
- Descendants
- PLem *dzeng‑māser‑
- PLem *dzeng‑swidh‑
*dzeng‑māser‑
- Gloss: ‘Mother Earth’
- Constituents: PLem *dzeng‑ + *māser‑
- Variant: compound
- Descendant
- OLem dzingmēsir‑
*dzengom‑
- Gloss: ‘earth’
- Ancestor: PIE *dʰég̑ʰ‑om‑s
- Descendant
- OLem dzingom‑
*dzeng‑swidh‑
- Gloss: ‘mole’
- Constituents: PLem *dzeng‑ + *swidh‑
- Variant: compound
- Descendant
- OLem dzingswidh‑
*dzengw‑
*dzer‑
*dzesk‑
*dzeskont‑
- Gloss: ‘Seedputter (the God of agriculture)’
- Ancestor: PIE *dʰh̥₁sk̑‑ónt‑s
- Descendant
- OLem dziskont‑
*dzing‑
- Gloss: ‘knead, form’
- Ancestor: PIE *dʰei̯g̑ʰ‑
- Variant: root present
- Descendant
- OLem dhing‑
*dzī‑
- Gloss: ‘set one’s eyes on’
- Ancestor: PIE *dʰei̯h₁‑
- Variant: root present
- Descendants
- PLem *dzī‑bwar‑
- OLem dhī‑
*dzī‑bwar‑
*dzō‑
- Gloss: ‘grain, seed’
- Ancestor: PIE *dʰóh₁n‑eh₂
- Descendants
*dzō‑xār‑
- Gloss: ‘field (for growing crops)’
- Constituents: PLem *dzō‑ + *xār‑
- Variant: compound
- Descendant
- OLem zhöxēr‑
*dzuɦter‑
- Gloss: ‘daughter’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *dʰugh₂tér‑s
- Descendant
- OLem zhütir‑
*dzung‑
*dzuwr‑
*dzū‑
*edhont‑
- Gloss: ‘tooth’
- Ancestor: PIE *h̥₁d‑ónt‑s
- Descendant
- OLem dhont‑
*eths‑
*fesh‑
*fifing‑
- Gloss: ‘desire’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₃ei̯g̑ʰ‑
- Variant: i-reduplicated athematic present
- Descendant
- OLem fifing‑
*fīr‑
- Gloss: ‘stir, rise’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₃er‑
- Variant: i-reduplicated athematic present
*fmink‑
- Gloss: ‘spill’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *h₃mei̯g̑ʰ‑
- Variant: sk̑-present
- Descendant
- OLem fmink‑
*fna‑
- Gloss: ‘feel’
- Connotation
- Softening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *h₃neh₂‑
- Variant: nasal-infix present
- Descendant
- OLem fna‑
*fnas‑
*fnomb‑
*fof‑
- Gloss: ‘make, produce’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₃ep‑
- Variant: Narten present
*foɦ‑
- Gloss: ‘?’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₃eg‑
- Variant: Narten present
- Descendant
- PLem *foɦ‑paser‑
*foɦ‑paser‑
- Gloss: ‘Father Midwinter’
- Constituents: PLem *foɦ‑ + *paser‑
- Variant: compound
- Descendant
- OLem föpysir‑
*foron‑
*foror‑
- Gloss: ‘tree’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₃ér‑or‑s
- Descendant
- OLem furor‑
*fost‑
- Gloss: ‘bone’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *h₃ésth₁
- Variant: [endingless noun]
- Descendant
- PLem *xowj‑fost‑
*fōs‑
*frīn‑
- Gloss: ‘boil, churn’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₃rei̯h₁‑
- Variant: nasal-infix present
- Descendant
- OLem frīn‑
*frunk‑
*fxurm‑
- Gloss: ‘dragon’
- Irregularity: of unknown origin; related to <abbr title="Proto-Indo-European">PIE</abbr> *%0008%0015́mi‑s ‘worm’?
- Descendant
- OLem fxurm‑
*gar‑
*garbw‑
*garter‑
- Gloss: ‘rooster’
- Ancestor: PIE *g̑r̥‑tér‑s
- Descendant
- OLem gyrter‑
*garxn‑
- Gloss: ‘grain’
- Ancestor: PIE *g̑r̥h₂‑n‑óm
- Descendant
- OLem garxn‑
*genhman‑
- Gloss: ‘offspring, seed’
- Ancestor: PIE *g̑énh₁‑mn̥
- Variant: [endingless noun]
- Descendant
- OLem ginhman‑
*gewxman‑
- Gloss: ‘call [noun]’
- Ancestor: PIE *géu̯h₂‑mn̥
- Variant: [endingless noun]
- Descendant
- OLem gēxmyn‑
*gēr‑
- Gloss: ‘make/grow(?) old, mature’
- Ancestor: PIE *g̑erh₂‑
- Variant: Narten present
- Descendant
- OLem gēr‑
*ggh‑
- Gloss: ‘seize, enclose’
- Connotation
- Pejorative narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *kagʰ‑
- Variant: root present
*gghand‑
*ggharj‑
*gghenb‑
*gghewg‑
- Gloss: ‘hidden > soul’
- Connotation
- Softening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *gʰeu̯g̑ʰ‑
- Variant: Narten present
- Descendant
- OLem ghēg‑
*gghostxj‑
- Gloss: ‘foreign parts, abroad’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: content for container
- Ancestor: PIE *gʰósth₂i‑s
- Descendant
- OLem ghostxj‑
*gghozw‑
- Gloss: ‘way, road’
- Ancestor: PIE *gʰód‑u̯‑eh₂
- Descendant
- OLem ghozw‑
*gizhanh‑
- Gloss: ‘produce’
- Ancestor: PIE *g̑enh₁‑
- Variant: i-reduplicated athematic present
- Descendant
- OLem gizhanh‑
*gjanw‑
- Gloss: ‘be ashamed’
- Ancestor: PIE *g̑ʰneu̯‑
- Variant: root present
*gjengung‑
- Gloss: ‘cuckoo’
- Ancestor: PIE *g̑ʰégʰug̑ʰ‑eh₂
- Descendant
- OLem gjingung‑
*gjenj‑
- Gloss: ‘open one’s mouth, yawn’
- Ancestor: PIE *g̑ʰeh₁i̯‑
- Variant: nasal-infix present
- Descendant
- OLem jenj‑
*gjer‑
*gjesl‑
- Gloss: ‘thousand’
- Ancestor: PIE *g̑ʰés‑l‑os
- Descendant
- OLem jesl‑
*gjesor‑
- Gloss: ‘hand’
- Ancestor: PIE *g̑ʰés‑or‑s
- Descendant
- OLem gjisor‑
*gjēom‑
- Gloss: ‘ice’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Ancestor: PIE *g̑ʰéi̯om‑s
- Descendant
- OLem jēm‑
*gjinggh‑
- Gloss: ‘pant, crave’
- Ancestor: PIE *g̑ʰei̯gʰ‑
- Variant: nasal-infix present
- Descendant
- OLem jinggh‑
*gjuwer‑
- Gloss: ‘wild beast’
- Ancestor: PIE *g̑ʰu̯ér‑s
- Variant: Lindeman’s variant
- Descendant
- OLem jür‑
*gmru‑
- Gloss: ‘warm’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (weakening, hardening, concretising)
- Ancestor: PIE *gʷʰer‑
- Variant: u-stem adjective
- Descendant
- OLem gmru‑
*gonu‑
*gowhrj‑
- Gloss: ‘something round, bent?’
- Ancestor: PIE *góu̯h₁‑ri̯‑os
*guxl‑
- Gloss: ‘antimony [from Akkadian]’
- Descendant
- OLem guxl‑
*gūmen‑
- Gloss: ‘one called upon (e.g. a god)’
- Ancestor: PIE *guh₂‑mh̥₁n‑ós
- Descendant
- OLem gümin‑
*gw‑
- Gloss: ‘someone, anyone’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *kʷ‑ós
- Descendant
- OLem gw‑
*gwalh‑
- Gloss: ‘burn, blaze’
- Ancestor: PIE *g̑u̯elh₁‑
- Variant: root present
- Descendant
- OLem gwalh‑
*gwalnf‑
- Gloss: ‘wish, want’
- Ancestor: PIE *gʷelh₃‑
- Variant: nasal-infix present
*gwalnh‑
- Gloss: ‘turn’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *kʷelh₁‑
- Variant: nasal-infix present
- Descendant
- OLem gwalnh‑
*gwalp‑
- Gloss: ‘curved > cup, bowl’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *ku̯elp‑
- Variant: o-stem adjective
- Descendant
- OLem gwalp‑
*gwas‑
- Gloss: ‘fermented, sour > cheese’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *ku̯h₂et‑
- Variant: o-stem adjective
- Descendant
- OLem gwas‑
*gwaswar‑
- Gloss: ‘four-’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *kʷetu̯r̥‑
*gwelbw‑
- Gloss: ‘womb’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Weakening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *gʷélbʰu‑s
*gweml‑
- Gloss: ‘wheel, circle’
- Connotations
- Metonymy (weakening, hardening, concretising)
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *kʷékʷl‑os
- Descendant
- OLem gweml‑
*gwen‑
*gwer‑
- Gloss: ‘cut’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *kʷer‑
- Variant: Narten present
- Descendant
- OLem gwer‑
*gweru‑
- Gloss: ‘skewer, spear’
- Ancestor: PIE *gʷéru
- Variant: [endingless noun]
- Descendants
*gwesh‑
- Gloss: ‘know’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *kʷek̑‑
- Variant: Narten present
- Descendant
- OLem gwet‑
*gwethwores
- Gloss: ‘four’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *kʷétu̯ores
- Descendant
- OLem gwith‑
*gwēl‑
- Gloss: ‘coal’
- Ancestor: PIE *g̑u̯élh₁‑os
- Descendant
- OLem gwēl‑
*gwisk‑
- Gloss: ‘(be) careful’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *kʷei̯s‑
- Variant: sk̑-present
- Descendant
- OLem gwisk‑
*gwī‑
*gwon‑
- Gloss: ‘eager’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *k̑u̯ón‑s
- Descendant
- OLem gwon‑
*gwow‑
*gwōl‑
- Gloss: ‘neck’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *kʷólh₁‑os
- Descendant
- OLem gwöl‑
*gz‑
- Gloss: ‘wish, ask for’
- Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Weakening narrowing
- Pejorative narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *gʷʰedʰ‑
- Variant: root present
*hangwnj‑
- Gloss: ‘hearth’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: content for container
- Ancestor: PIE *h₁n̥gʷní‑s
- Descendant
- OLem hangwnj‑
*hargw‑
*harkans‑
*hars‑
*harsen‑
- Gloss: ‘male’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₁ŕ̥s‑en‑s
- Descendant
- OLem hyrsen‑
*harsk‑
- Gloss: ‘get somewhere, end up somewhere’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₁er‑
- Variant: sk̑-present
- Descendant
- OLem harsk‑
*hā
*hedh‑
- Gloss: ‘eat’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₁ed‑
- Variant: Narten present
- Descendants
- PLem *melidh‑hedh‑
- OLem hedh‑
*hefi
*helem‑
*hem‑
*hen
*hengj‑
- Gloss: ‘spines > protection, armour’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: content for container
- Ancestor: PIE *h₁ég̑ʰi‑s
- Descendant
- OLem hengj‑
*hesxar‑
*heshw‑
- Gloss: ‘horse’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₁ék̑u̯‑os
- Descendants
- PLem *heshw‑trew‑
- OLem heshw‑
*heshw‑trew‑
- Gloss: ‘(horse) stable’
- Constituents: PLem *heshw‑ + *trew‑
- Variant: compound
- Descendant
- OLem hishwtrē‑
*hethdj‑
- Gloss: ‘host’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Metonymy: content for container
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *h₁éd‑ti‑s
- Descendant
- OLem hethdj‑
*hezhō
*hē
- Gloss: ‘he, she, it’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Ancestor: PIE *h₁ei̯
*hēnd‑
*hēngw‑
- Gloss: ‘drink’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₁egʷʰ‑
- Variant: e-reduplicated athematic present
- Descendant
- OLem hēngw‑
*hlangmr‑
- Gloss: ‘dragonfly’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (weakening, hardening, concretising)
- Ancestor: PIE *h₁lengʷʰ‑
- Variant: r-stem adjective
- Irregularity: nominalisation
- Descendant
- OLem hlangmr‑
*hlangw‑
- Gloss: ‘move effortlessly’
- Connotation
- Weakening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *h₁lengʷʰ‑
- Variant: root present
*hnewan
*hnoman‑
*hol‑
*hōm‑
*hōn‑
- Gloss: ‘single, alone’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: place for place
- Ancestor: PIE *h₁ói̯‑n‑os
- Descendants
- PLem *hōn‑kars‑
- OLem hön‑
*hōn‑kars‑
- Gloss: ‘Lone Runner (the God of trade)’
- Constituents: PLem *hōn‑ + *kars‑
- Variant: compound
- Descendant
- OLem hönkyrt‑
*hōr‑
*hrewdman‑
- Gloss: ‘rust, meteorite iron?’
- Connotation
- Softening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *h₁réu̯dʰ‑mn̥
- Variant: [endingless noun]
- Descendant
- OLem hrēdmyn‑
*hrē‑
*hrink‑
- Gloss: ‘tear, break’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₁rei̯k̑‑
- Variant: nasal-infix present
- Descendant
- OLem hrink‑
*hrundr‑
- Gloss: ‘red’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₁reu̯dʰ‑
- Variant: r-stem adjective
- Descendant
- OLem hrundr‑
*hsuzōman‑
- Gloss: ‘good gift [either referring to an area of land or to a good person]’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₁su‑déh₃mn̥
- Variant: [endingless noun]
- Descendant
- OLem hsuzömyn‑
*huh‑
- Gloss: ‘be comfortable with, love’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₁eu̯k‑
- Variant: root aorist
- Descendants
- PLem *huh‑sor‑
- PLem *huh‑trew‑
- OLem huh‑
*huh‑sor‑
*huh‑trew‑
*husw‑
- Gloss: ‘enjoyable’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Ancestor: PIE *h₁u̯es‑
- Variant: u-stem adjective
- Descendant
- OLem husw‑
*hwarhw‑
- Gloss: ‘free’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Ancestor: PIE *h₁u̯erh₁‑
- Variant: u-stem adjective
- Descendant
- OLem hwarhw‑
*hwehung‑
- Gloss: ‘speak solemnly’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₁u̯egʷʰ‑
- Variant: e-reduplicated athematic present
- Descendant
- OLem hwihung‑
*ī‑
*j‑
*jehar‑
*jenxter‑
- Gloss: ‘brother-in-law’s wife’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₁i̯énh₂ter‑s
- Descendant
- OLem jinxter‑
*jewhē‑
- Gloss: ‘farmer’
- Ancestor: PIE *i̯eu̯h₁‑ḗ‑s
- Descendant
- OLem jēhē‑
*jews‑
- Gloss: ‘thick soup’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *i̯éu̯h₁s
- Variant: [endingless noun]
- Descendant
- OLem jēs‑
*jews‑
*jex‑
*jēm‑
- Gloss: ‘twin’
- Ancestor: PIE *i̯émh₂‑os
- Descendant
- PLem *dwi‑jēm‑
*jēw‑
- Gloss: ‘cereal, barley’
- Ancestor: PIE *i̯éu̯h₁‑os
- Descendant
- OLem jei‑
*jēxwar‑
*jork‑
*jū
*jū‑piwf‑
- Gloss: ‘a foreign people, lit. you drinkers’
- Constituents: PLem *jū + *piwf‑
- Variant: compound
- Descendant
- OLem jüpīf‑
*kafk‑
- Gloss: ‘seize’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *keh₂p‑
- Variant: sk̑-present
- Descendant
- OLem kafk‑
*kafr‑
*kafus‑
*kalp‑
*kan‑
*kangj‑
- Gloss: ‘enclosure, hedge’
- Ancestor: PIE *kagʰ‑i̯‑óm
*kars‑
- Gloss: ‘run’
- Ancestor: PIE *k̑ers‑
- Variant: root present
- Descendants
- PLem *hōn‑kars‑
- OLem kart‑
*karst‑
*karxn‑
- Gloss: ‘horn’
- Ancestor: PIE *k̑r̥h₂n‑ós
- Descendant
- OLem karxn‑
*karxw‑
- Gloss: ‘deer, stag’
- Ancestor: PIE *k̑r̥h₂u̯‑ós
*kazw‑
- Gloss: ‘troubled’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Ancestor: PIE *k̑eh₂d‑
- Variant: u-stem adjective
- Descendant
- OLem kazw‑
*kāhx‑
*keghggh‑
*kel‑
- Gloss: ‘become warm’
- Ancestor: PIE *k̑el‑
- Variant: Narten present
*keras‑
- Gloss: ‘sweet cherry (tree)’
- Descendant
- OLem kiras‑
*kerd‑
*kes‑
- Gloss: ‘squirrel’
- Descendant
- OLem kes‑
*kesman‑
*keshidh‑
- Gloss: ‘call’
- Ancestor: PIE *k̑ei̯d‑
- Variant: e-reduplicated athematic present
- Descendant
- OLem kishidh‑
*kēm‑
*kēr‑
- Gloss: ‘cut’
- Ancestor: PIE *kers‑
- Variant: Narten present
*kēw‑
*kfrar‑
- Gloss: ‘important’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: PIE *gʷreh₂‑
- Variant: r-stem adjective
- Descendant
- OLem kfrar‑
*kfrend‑
- Gloss: ‘claim, insist’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: PIE *kʷrend‑
- Variant: Narten present
- Descendant
- OLem kfrend‑
*knew‑
*knoɦ‑
*kohwar‑
*kom
*kon‑
- Gloss: ‘dust, ashes’
- Ancestor: PIE *kón‑os
- Descendant
- PLem *selp‑kon‑
*konggh‑
- Gloss: ‘shell, mussel’
- Ancestor: PIE *kóngʰ‑eh₂
- Descendant
- OLem konggh‑
*kor‑
- Gloss: ‘war’
- Ancestor: PIE *kór‑os
- Descendants
- PLem *kor‑trew‑
- PLem *pfrā‑kor‑
*korj‑
- Gloss: ‘male association’
- Ancestor: PIE *kór‑i̯‑os
- Descendant
- OLem korj‑
*kor‑trew‑
*krēw‑
- Gloss: ‘blood (outside the body)’
- Ancestor: PIE *kréu̯h₂‑s
- Descendant
- OLem krei‑
*krixrū‑
- Gloss: ‘(make) bleed’
- Ancestor: PIE *kreu̯h₂‑
- Variant: i-reduplicated athematic present
- Descendant
- OLem krixrü‑
*krne‑
*ks‑
*ksef‑
*ksr‑
*kuhw‑
- Gloss: ‘swollen > tuber, truffle?’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Ancestor: PIE *ku̯eh₁‑
- Variant: u-stem adjective
- Descendant
- OLem kuhw‑
*kundr‑
*kuzt‑
- Gloss: ‘weep’
- Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *keu̯sdʰh₁‑
- Variant: root present
- Descendant
- OLem kuzt‑
*kxan‑
- Gloss: ‘goose’
- Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *g̑ʰh₂én‑s
- Descendant
- OLem xan‑
*kxanō‑
- Gloss: ‘gosling’
- Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *g̑ʰh₂én‑ō‑s
- Descendant
- OLem kxynö‑
*kxrem‑
- Gloss: ‘howl (of wolves)’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: PIE *gʰrem‑
- Variant: Narten present
- Descendant
- OLem xrem‑
*lewb‑
- Gloss: ‘confuse’
- Connotation
- Softening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *leu̯bʰ‑
- Variant: Narten present
- Descendant
- OLem lēb‑
*lewh‑
*lewor‑
*lex‑
*lēmen‑
- Gloss: ‘Lemizh’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Ancestor: PIE *lei̯h₁mh̥́₁n‑os
- Descendant
- OLem lēmin‑
*lēng‑
- Gloss: ‘spoon’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Ancestor: PIE *léi̯g̑ʰ‑eh₂
- Descendant
- OLem lēng‑
*lēth‑
*lēw‑
*lingj‑
- Gloss: ‘house, hive’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: content for container
- Ancestor: PLem *melidhlingj‑
- Irregularity: back formation
- Descendant
- OLem lingj‑
*lint‑
*lithk‑
- Gloss: ‘race’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *lei̯t‑
- Variant: sk̑-present
- Descendant
- OLem lithk‑
*lizh‑
*līn‑
*lohw‑
- Gloss: ‘temple’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Ancestor: PIE *lóku‑s
- Descendant
- OLem lohw‑
*lō‑
- Gloss: ‘track, furrow’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: place for place
- Ancestor: PIE *lói̯s‑eh₂
*lufr‑
- Gloss: ‘skin, peel’
- Ancestor: PIE *leu̯p‑
- Variant: r-stem adjective
- Irregularity: nominalisation
- Descendant
- OLem lufr‑
*lufw‑
- Gloss: ‘clean’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Ancestor: PIE *leu̯h₃‑
- Variant: u-stem adjective
- Descendant
- OLem lufw‑
*luhsj‑
- Gloss: ‘lynx’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: content for container
- Ancestor: PIE *lúk‑si‑s
- Descendant
- OLem luhsj‑
*lumb‑
*lung‑
*maçr‑
- Gloss: ‘long’
- Ancestor: PIE *meh₂k̑‑
- Variant: r-stem adjective
*malngw‑
- Gloss: ‘hinder, restrain’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *melkʷ‑
- Variant: nasal-infix present
- Descendant
- OLem malngw‑
*maltk‑
- Gloss: ‘melt’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *meld‑
- Variant: sk̑-present
- Descendant
- OLem maltk‑
*manw‑
- Gloss: ‘affection’
- Connotation
- Softening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *men‑
- Variant: néu̯-present
- Descendant
- OLem manw‑
*margjw‑
- Gloss: ‘short-tempered’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Ancestor: PIE *mreg̑ʰ‑
- Variant: u-stem adjective
- Descendant
- OLem margjw‑
*markfr‑
- Gloss: ‘colour’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: PIE *mergʷ‑
- Variant: r-stem adjective
*marnx‑
*marsk‑
- Gloss: ‘die’
- Ancestor: PIE *mer‑
- Variant: sk̑-present
*mazd‑
*māçx‑
- Gloss: ‘lengthen, stretch’
- Ancestor: PIE *meh₂k̑‑eh₂‑
- Variant: root present
- Descendant
- OLem mēçk‑
*māser‑
- Gloss: ‘mother’
- Ancestor: PIE *méh₂ter‑s
- Descendants
- PLem *dzeng‑māser‑
- OLem mēsir‑
*medh‑
- Gloss: ‘measure, look after, enforce’
- Ancestor: PIE *med‑
- Variant: Narten present
- Descendant
- OLem medh‑
*melidh‑
- Gloss: ‘honey’
- Ancestor: PIE *mélid
- Variant: [endingless noun]
- Descendants
- PLem *melidh‑hedh‑
- OLem milidh‑
*melidh‑hedh‑
- Gloss: ‘bear’
- Constituents: PLem *melidh‑ + *hedh‑
- Variant: compound
- Descendant
- OLem milidhhedh‑
*melidhlingj‑
- Gloss: ‘beehive’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: content for container
- Ancestor: PIE *melidlíg̑ʰ‑i‑eh₂
- Descendant
- PLem *lingj‑
*memalx‑
- Gloss: ‘grind’
- Ancestor: PIE *melh₂‑
- Variant: e-reduplicated athematic present
- Descendant
- OLem mimalk‑
*mendu‑
*menesw‑
- Gloss: ‘Goddess of wisdom’
- Ancestor: PIE *men‑ésu̯‑eh₂
- Descendant
- OLem minesw‑
*mew‑
*mew‑sor‑
*mezhx‑
*mē‑
- Gloss: ‘change [intr.]’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Ancestor: PIE *mei̯‑
- Variant: Narten present
- Descendant
- OLem mē‑
*mēm‑
*mifont‑
- Gloss: ‘plant, fungus’
- Ancestor: PIE *mih₃‑ónt‑s
- Descendant
- OLem mifont‑
*mis‑
*mison‑
- Gloss: ‘woolly’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *mish₁ón‑s
*mishk‑
- Gloss: ‘mix’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *mei̯k̑‑
- Variant: sk̑-present
- Descendant
- OLem mishk‑
*mishkont‑
- Gloss: ‘healer (one mixing potions)’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *mik̑sk̑‑ónt‑s
- Descendant
- OLem mishkont‑
*mithx‑
- Gloss: ‘remote, far’
- Ancestor: PIE *mei̯th₂‑
- Variant: o-stem adjective
- Descendants
- PLem *mithx‑pāwar‑
- OLem mithk‑
*mithx‑pāwar‑
- Gloss: ‘remote or far shining fire; star?’
- Constituents: PLem *mithx‑ + *pāwar‑
- Variant: compound
- Descendant
- OLem mithxpeir‑
*mizdz‑
- Gloss: ‘reward, payment’
- Ancestor: PIE *mis‑dʰ‑ós
- Descendant
- OLem mizdz‑
*mizt‑
- Gloss: ‘reward’
- Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *misdʰh₁‑ós
- Descendant
- OLem mizt‑
*mī‑
- Gloss: ‘thrive, flourish’
- Ancestor: PIE *meih₃‑
- Variant: zero-grade root stative
*mlewxman‑
- Gloss: ‘thing spoken’
- Ancestor: PIE *mléu̯h₂‑mn̥
- Variant: [endingless noun]
- Descendant
- OLem mlēxmyn‑
*mlū‑
- Gloss: ‘speak’
- Ancestor: PIE *mleu̯h₂‑
- Variant: root present
*mnask‑
*mori‑
*morwj‑
- Gloss: ‘anthill’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: content for container
- Ancestor: PIE *móru̯i‑s
- Descendant
- OLem morwj‑
*mō‑
- Gloss: ‘fleece (?)’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: place for place
- Ancestor: PIE *mói̯s
- Variant: [endingless noun]
- Descendant
- OLem mö‑
*musanh‑
*mūs‑
*namr‑
- Gloss: ‘tilted (ground) > valley’
- Ancestor: PIE *nem‑
- Variant: r-stem adjective
- Descendant
- OLem namr‑
*nas‑
*ne
*nefos‑
*nefton‑
- Gloss: ‘Nephew of the Waters’
- Ancestor: PIE *népton‑os
- Descendant
- OLem nifton‑
*neghwas‑
*nem‑
*nemb‑
*newz‑
*nēnī‑
- Gloss: ‘be driven > run’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Ancestor: PIE *nei̯h₁‑
- Variant: intensive
- Descendant
- OLem nēnī‑
*nizd‑
*nohwas‑
*oçtōw
*ohwont‑
- Gloss: ‘eye’
- Ancestor: PIE *h̥₃kʷ‑ónt‑s
- Descendant
- OLem hwont‑
*ō
*palhmen‑
- Gloss: ‘full’
- Ancestor: PIE *pl̥h₁‑mh̥₁n‑ós
- Descendant
- OLem pylhmen‑
*palkanh‑
*palw‑
*palx‑
*pang‑
- Gloss: ‘stiffen, become solid’
- Ancestor: PIE *peh₂g̑‑
- Variant: nasal-infix present
*pangdj‑
- Gloss: ‘determined, authoritative’
- Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Strengthening narrowing
- Metonymy: content for container
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *pń̥kʷ‑sti‑s
- Descendant
- OLem pangdj‑
*park‑
- Gloss: ‘request’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *prek̑‑
- Variant: sk̑-present
- Descendant
- OLem park‑
*pars‑
*parstxj‑
- Gloss: ‘basket’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: content for container
- Ancestor: PIE *pŕ̥‑sth₂i‑s
- Descendant
- OLem parstxj‑
*parzil‑
- Gloss: ‘iron’
- Descendant
- OLem pyrzil‑
*paser‑
- Gloss: ‘father’
- Ancestor: PIE *ph̥₂tér‑s
- Descendants
- PLem *djēw‑paser‑
- PLem *foɦ‑paser‑
- OLem pyser‑
*pāwar‑
- Gloss: ‘fire [inanimate]’
- Ancestor: PIE *péh₂u̯r̥
- Variant: [endingless noun]
- Descendant
- PLem *mithx‑pāwar‑
*pelor‑
*pengwe
- Gloss: ‘five’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *pénkʷe
- Descendant
- OLem ping‑
*peri
*pesh‑
*pethxar‑
*pewç‑
- Gloss: ‘pine’
- Ancestor: PIE *péu̯k̑‑eh₂
- Descendant
- OLem pēç‑
*pexw‑
*pē‑
- Gloss: ‘kind of official, probably of the clergy’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Ancestor: PIE *peh₁i̯‑
- Variant: Narten present
- Descendant
- OLem pē‑
*pēfel‑
- Gloss: ‘butterfly’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Ancestor: PIE *pei̯pél‑os
- Descendants
- PLem *slizh‑pēfel‑
- OLem pēfil‑
*pēsk‑
- Gloss: ‘fish’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Ancestor: PIE *péi̯sk̑‑os
- Descendants
*pēthor‑
- Gloss: ‘lark’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Ancestor: PIE *péi̯h₂‑tor‑s
- Descendant
- OLem pēthur‑
*pfler‑
- Gloss: ‘grey, blue(?)’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: PIE *bʰleh₁‑
- Variant: r-stem adjective
- Descendant
- OLem fler‑
*pflor‑
- Gloss: ‘green, blue’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: PIE *bʰleh₃‑
- Variant: r-stem adjective
- Descendant
- OLem flor‑
*pfrā‑
- Gloss: ‘brother’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: PIE *bʰréh₂ter‑s
- Irregularity: suffixless from
- Descendant
- PLem *pfrā‑kor‑
*pfrā‑kor‑
- Gloss: ‘Brother (in) War’
- Constituents: PLem *pfrā‑ + *kor‑
- Variant: compound
- Descendant
- OLem frēkur‑
*pfrāser‑
- Gloss: ‘nephew, grandson (?)’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: PIE *bʰréh₂ter‑s
- Descendant
- OLem frēsir‑
*pfrenk‑
- Gloss: ‘fruit’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: PIE *bʰrenk‑
- Variant: Narten present
- Descendant
- OLem frenk‑
*pfrēm‑
- Gloss: ‘stray, go wrong’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: PIE *bʰremh₁‑
- Variant: Narten present
- Descendant
- OLem frēm‑
*pfruh‑
- Gloss: ‘look grim, be troubled’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: PIE *bʰrúh₁‑eh₂
- Descendant
- OLem fruh‑
*pfrur‑
- Gloss: ‘brown’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: PIE *bʰreu̯‑
- Variant: r-stem adjective
*pifh‑
- Gloss: ‘move [intr.]’
- Ancestor: PIE *peh₁‑
- Variant: i-reduplicated athematic present
- Descendant
- OLem pifh‑
*pifī‑
- Gloss: ‘swell’
- Ancestor: PIE *pei̯h₁‑
- Variant: i-reduplicated athematic present
- Descendant
- OLem pifī‑
*pink‑
- Gloss: ‘hew, cut out’
- Ancestor: PIE *pei̯k̑‑
- Variant: nasal-infix present
*pisk‑
*piwf‑
- Gloss: ‘drink’
- Ancestor: PIE *peh₃‑
- Variant: i-reduplicated athematic present
- Descendants
*pī‑
*pk‑
- Gloss: ‘reach (out)’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Strengthening narrowing
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *peth₂‑
- Variant: sk̑-present
- Descendant
- PLem *pk‑ueru‑
*pk‑ueru‑
- Gloss: ‘arrow’
- Constituents: PLem *pk‑ + *gweru‑
- Variant: compound
- Irregularity: contraction
- Descendant
- OLem pkueru‑
*pl‑
- Gloss: ‘flare up’
- Ancestor: PIE *pel‑
- Variant: root present
*plethx‑
*plēm‑
- Gloss: ‘lung’
- Ancestor: PIE *pléu̯‑m‑os
- Descendant
- OLem plēm‑
*pōz‑
*prew‑
- Gloss: ‘jump’
- Ancestor: PIE *preu̯‑
- Variant: Narten present
*prīn‑
*prō
*pruont‑
- Gloss: ‘stag’
- Ancestor: PIE *pru‑ónt‑s
- Descendant
- OLem pruont‑
*prusanx‑
- Gloss: ‘snort, froth’
- Ancestor: PIE *preu̯th₂‑
- Variant: nasal-infix present
- Descendant
- OLem prusank‑
*ptah‑
*ptanx‑
*ptarsk‑
- Gloss: ‘sneeze’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *pster‑
- Variant: sk̑-present
- Descendant
- OLem ptarsk‑
*ref‑
*rentk‑
- Gloss: ‘tackle confidently’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *reh₁dʰ‑
- Variant: sk̑-present
- Descendant
- OLem rentk‑
*reth‑
*rethk‑
- Gloss: ‘meet’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *reh₁t‑
- Variant: sk̑-present
- Descendant
- OLem rethk‑
*rōs‑
*runp‑
- Gloss: ‘break, snap [intr.]’
- Ancestor: PIE *reu̯p‑
- Variant: nasal-infix present
- Descendant
- OLem runp‑
*salg‑
*samx‑
*sand‑
*sandz‑
*sanx‑
*sarnk‑
*sarp‑
- Gloss: ‘creep’
- Ancestor: PIE *serp‑
- Variant: root present
*sarw‑
*sāl‑
*seftam
*sel‑
*selp‑
- Gloss: ‘oil, fat’
- Ancestor: PIE *sélp‑s
- Descendants
- PLem *selp‑kon‑
- OLem thelp‑
*selp‑kon‑
- Gloss: ‘cleaning paste’
- Constituents: PLem *selp‑ + *kon‑
- Variant: compound
- Descendant
- OLem thilpkon‑
*sem‑
*semxdz‑
- Gloss: ‘sand’
- Ancestor: PIE *sémh₂‑dʰ‑os
- Descendant
- OLem themxdz‑
*sen
*seng‑
*sent‑
- Gloss: ‘to smoke’
- Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *sen‑dʰh₁‑
- Variant: Narten present
- Descendant
- OLem thent‑
*sexk‑
- Gloss: ‘fly’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *skek‑
- Variant: intensive
- Descendant
- OLem thexk‑
*sēnd‑
- Gloss: ‘succeed, reach a goal’
- Ancestor: PIE *seh₁dʰ‑
- Variant: Narten present
- Descendant
- OLem thēnd‑
*sgwal‑
- Gloss: ‘boat’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *skʷál‑os
- Descendant
- OLem sgwal‑
*sisgw‑
- Gloss: ‘discuss (constructively), reason’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *sekʷ‑
- Variant: i-reduplicated athematic present
- Descendant
- OLem thisgw‑
*sisn‑
- Gloss: ‘age [verb]’
- Ancestor: PIE *sen‑
- Variant: i-reduplicated athematic present
- Descendant
- OLem thisn‑
*sjēw‑
- Gloss: ‘sew’
- Ancestor: PIE *si̯eu̯h₁‑
- Variant: Narten present
- Descendant
- OLem sjei‑
*sk‑
- Gloss: ‘glide’
- Connotation
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *skek‑
- Variant: root present
*skalont‑
- Gloss: ‘splitter, separator’
- Ancestor: PIE *skl̥‑ónt‑s
- Descendant
- OLem skylont‑
*skarf‑
*skçol‑
- Gloss: ‘leisure, rest’
- Ancestor: PIE *sg̑ʰ‑h̥₃l‑éh₂
- Descendant
- OLem skçol‑
*skedhx‑
*skel‑
- Gloss: ‘split’
- Ancestor: PIE *skel‑
- Variant: Narten present
*skeng‑
*skerdz‑
*skont‑
- Gloss: ‘little bird, sparrow’
- Connotation
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *skk‑ónt‑s
- Descendant
- OLem skont‑
*slezhman‑
- Gloss: ‘ending, limit’
- Ancestor: PIE *slég̑‑mn̥
- Variant: [endingless noun]
- Descendant
- OLem slizhman‑
*slizh‑
- Gloss: ‘butter’
- Ancestor: PIE *slei̯g̑‑
- Variant: root present
- Descendants
- PLem *slizh‑pēfel‑
- OLem slizh‑
*slizh‑pēfel‑
- Gloss: ‘butterfly’
- Constituents: PLem *slizh‑ + *pēfel‑
- Variant: clarifying compound
- Descendant
- OLem slizhpēfil‑
*smarsk‑
*smer‑
*smēdh‑
- Gloss: ‘smear’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Ancestor: PIE *smei̯d‑
- Variant: Narten present
- Descendant
- OLem smēdh‑
*snark‑
*snē‑
- Gloss: ‘twist, spin’
- Ancestor: PIE *sneh₁‑
- Variant: Narten present
*snēthar‑
- Gloss: ‘adder’
- Ancestor: PIE *snéh₁‑tr̥
- Variant: [endingless noun]
- Descendant
- OLem snēthyr‑
*sningw‑
- Gloss: ‘snow’
- Ancestor: PIE *snígʷʰ‑os
- Descendant
- OLem sningw‑
*snus‑
*sohar‑
- Gloss: ‘faeces’
- Ancestor: PIE *sókr̥
- Variant: [endingless noun]
*spalnf‑
*sperdz‑
*spnar‑
*sr‑
*stalgr‑
*stawr‑
- Gloss: ‘bull’
- Ancestor: PIE *stáu̯r‑os
- Descendant
- OLem stayr‑
*stelg‑
*stewf‑
- Gloss: ‘push, hit’
- Ancestor: PIE *steu̯p‑
- Variant: Narten present
*stewtor‑
- Gloss: ‘fighter, warrior’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *stéu̯p‑tor‑s
- Descendant
- OLem stētur‑
*stinggh‑
*stna‑
- Gloss: ‘stand’
- Ancestor: PIE *steh₂‑
- Variant: nasal-infix present
*stōng‑
- Gloss: ‘row’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: place for place
- Ancestor: PIE *stói̯gʰ‑os
- Descendant
- OLem stöng‑
*sur‑
*sū‑
*sū‑gjer‑
- Gloss: ‘hedgehog’
- Constituents: PLem *sū‑ + *gjer‑
- Variant: clarifying compound
- Descendant
- OLem shügjir‑
*sūnw‑
- Gloss: ‘son’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Ancestor: PIE *suh₁nú‑s
- Descendant
- OLem shünw‑
*swalhmen‑
- Gloss: ‘swelling’
- Ancestor: PIE *su̯l̥h₁‑mh̥₁n‑ós
- Descendant
- OLem swylhmen‑
*swazw‑
- Gloss: ‘glad’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Ancestor: PIE *su̯éh₂d‑
- Variant: u-stem adjective
- Descendant
- OLem swazw‑
*swe
- Gloss: ‘self’
- Ancestor: PIE *su̯e
*swelor‑
- Gloss: ‘sulfur flame, burning sulfur?’
- Ancestor: PIE *su̯él‑or‑s
- Descendant
- OLem swilor‑
*swent‑
- Gloss: ‘put oneself in front > make believe’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *su̯e‑dʰh₁‑
- Variant: Narten present
- Descendant
- OLem swent‑
*swesor‑
- Gloss: ‘sister’
- Ancestor: PIE *su̯ésor‑s
- Descendant
- OLem swisor‑
*sweshs
*sweshur‑
- Gloss: ‘father-in-law’
- Ancestor: PIE *su̯ék̑ur‑os
- Descendant
- OLem swishur‑
*swidh‑
- Gloss: ‘throw’
- Ancestor: PIE *su̯ei̯d‑
- Variant: root present
- Descendants
- PLem *dzeng‑swidh‑
- OLem swidh‑
*swnal‑
- Gloss: ‘smoulder’
- Ancestor: PIE *su̯el‑
- Variant: nasal-infix present
*sxni‑
*sxun‑
- Gloss: ‘sun’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *sh₂u̯én‑s
- Irregularity: zero grade
- Descendant
- OLem sxun‑
*t‑
*taçj‑
*talnx‑
- Gloss: ‘lift up, take upon oneself’
- Ancestor: PIE *telh₂‑
- Variant: nasal-infix present
- Descendant
- OLem talnk‑
*talp‑
*tamnh‑
*tanx‑
*tarfk‑
- Gloss: ‘wound’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *terh₃‑
- Variant: sk̑-present
- Descendant
- OLem tarfk‑
*tarh‑
*tarns‑
- Gloss: ‘dry out, get thirsty’
- Ancestor: PIE *ters‑
- Variant: nasal-infix present
- Descendant
- OLem tarns‑
*tars‑
*tāɦ‑
*tethk‑
*tewh‑
*tews‑
- Gloss: ‘people, tribe’
- Ancestor: PIE *teu̯t‑éh₂
- Descendant
- OLem tēt‑
*tex‑
*tkamtom
*tkisk‑
*tpolhj‑
- Gloss: ‘fence’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: content for container
- Ancestor: PIE *tpólh₁i‑s
- Descendant
- OLem tpolhj‑
*tpu‑
*trew‑
- Gloss: ‘dwelling’
- Ancestor: PIE *tréb‑s
- Descendants
- PLem *heshw‑trew‑
- PLem *huh‑trew‑
- PLem *kor‑trew‑
*trē‑
- Gloss: ‘three’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Ancestor: PIE *tréi̯‑es
- Descendant
- OLem trē‑
*tri‑
- Gloss: ‘three-’
- Ancestor: PIE *tri‑
*troçk‑
- Gloss: ‘gnaw to pieces’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *treh₃g̑‑
- Variant: sk̑-present
- Descendant
- OLem troçk‑
*tsrā‑
- Gloss: ‘rot’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Metonymy: itself for act
- Ancestor: PIE *dʰréh₂g̑‑om
- Descendant
- OLem srē‑
*tsrēn‑
- Gloss: ‘drone (male bee or wasp)’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: PIE *dʰrḗn‑s
- Descendant
- OLem srēn‑
*tsrimb‑
- Gloss: ‘push’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: PIE *dʰrei̯bʰ‑
- Variant: root present
- Descendant
- OLem srimb‑
*tsriw‑
- Gloss: ‘drive’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: PIE *dʰrei̯bʰ‑
- Variant: root present
- Irregularity: possibly from
- Descendant
- OLem srī‑
*tsrumbw‑
- Gloss: ‘of little worth’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Ancestor: PIE *dʰreu̯bʰ‑
- Variant: u-stem adjective
- Descendant
- OLem srumbw‑
*tum‑
- Gloss: ‘swell’
- Ancestor: PIE *tu̯em‑
- Variant: root present
*tū‑
- Gloss: ‘swell, become strong’
- Ancestor: PIE *teu̯h₂‑
- Variant: root present
- Descendant
- PLem *tū‑pēsk‑
*tū‑pēsk‑
*txu‑
- Gloss: ‘doubtful, indecisive’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *deh₂‑
- Variant: u-stem adjective
- Descendant
- OLem txu‑
*txus‑
*ufer
*ufo
*umpk‑
- Gloss: ‘understand’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *u̯ebʰ‑
- Variant: sk̑-present
- Descendant
- OLem umpk‑
*und‑
- Gloss: ‘well, gush’
- Ancestor: PIE *u̯ed‑
- Variant: nasal-infix present
*ūr‑
- Gloss: ‘right [direction]’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: effect/purpose for cause/motive
- Ancestor: PIE *u̯eg̑‑
- Variant: r-stem adjective
- Descendant
- OLem ür‑
*walgw‑
- Gloss: ‘dog’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: PIE *u̯ĺ̥kʷ‑os
- Descendant
- OLem walgw‑
*wardz‑
- Gloss: ‘word’
- Ancestor: PIE *u̯r̥dʰ‑ós
- Descendant
- PLem *blu‑wardz‑
*warf‑
- Gloss: ‘burn’
- Ancestor: PIE *u̯erh₃‑
- Variant: zero-grade root stative
*warhk‑
- Gloss: ‘shout’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *u̯erh₁‑
- Variant: sk̑-present
- Descendant
- OLem warhk‑
*warks‑
- Gloss: ‘look out, watch (for a sign)’
- Ancestor: PIE *u̯reg‑
- Variant: s-desiderative
- Descendant
- OLem warkt‑
*wā
*wemb‑
*wend‑
- Gloss: ‘lead’
- Ancestor: PIE *u̯edʰ‑
- Variant: Narten present
*werftor‑
- Gloss: ‘fireplace, hearth’
- Ancestor: PIE *u̯érh₃‑tor‑s
- Descendant
- OLem wirftor‑
*werht‑
- Gloss: ‘word’
- Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *u̯érh₁‑dʰh₁‑om
- Descendant
- OLem werht‑
*wēr‑
*wēshs‑
- Gloss: ‘meteor’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Ancestor: PIE *u̯éi̯k̑s‑eh₂
- Descendant
- OLem wēshs‑
*wind‑
- Gloss: ‘see’
- Ancestor: PIE *u̯ei̯d‑
- Variant: nasal-infix present
*withx‑
- Gloss: ‘sway’
- Ancestor: PIE *u̯i̯eth₂‑
- Variant: root present
- Descendant
- OLem withk‑
*wiwb‑
- Gloss: ‘weave a net; net’
- Connotation
- Softening narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *u̯ebʰ‑
- Variant: i-reduplicated athematic present
- Descendants
- PLem *wiwb‑sor‑
- OLem wīb‑
*wiwb‑sor‑
- Gloss: ‘spider’
- Connotation
- Softening narrowing
- Ancestor: PLem *wiwb‑
- Variant: feminine
- Descendant
- OLem wībsur‑
*wiwh‑
*wīr‑
*wosar‑
*wozar‑
*wronk‑
- Gloss: ‘hand’
- Ancestor: PIE *u̯rónk‑eh₂
- Descendant
- OLem wronk‑
*xaç‑
*xaçmon‑
- Gloss: ‘stone’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₂ék̑‑mon‑s
- Descendant
- OLem xyçmon‑
*xaçs‑
- Gloss: ‘axis, axle’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₂ék̑s‑os
- Descendant
- OLem xaçs‑
*xaf‑
*xafōhw‑
- Gloss: ‘evil’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₂époh₃kʷ‑os
- Descendant
- OLem xyföhw‑
*xalbw‑
*xalis‑
- Gloss: ‘alder’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₂élis‑eh₂
- Descendant
- OLem xylis‑
*xalj‑
- Gloss: ‘(an)other’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₂éli̯‑os
- Descendant
- OLem xalj‑
*xanar‑
- Gloss: ‘inspiration, intuition’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₂énr̥
- Variant: [endingless noun]
- Descendant
- OLem xynar‑
*xandz‑
*xandzont‑
- Gloss: ‘plant, something growing’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₂n̥dʰ‑ónt‑s
- Descendant
- OLem xyndzont‑
*xanf‑
*xangwj‑
- Gloss: ‘snake’
- Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metonymy: content for container
- Ancestor: PIE *h₂éngʷʰi‑s
- Descendant
- OLem xangwj‑
*xanh‑
*xanht‑
- Gloss: ‘doorpost’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₂ń̥h₁t‑eh₂
- Descendant
- OLem xanht‑
*xanks‑
*xanxt‑
- Gloss: ‘duck’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₂énh₂t‑s
- Descendant
- OLem xanxt‑
*xarf‑
*xargr‑
*xartk‑
- Gloss: ‘bear’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₂ŕ̥tk̑‑os
- Descendants
- PLem *xartk‑sor‑
- OLem xartk‑
*xartk‑sor‑
*xaw
*xawj‑
- Gloss: ‘bird’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: content for container
- Ancestor: PIE *h₂éu̯i‑s
- Descendant
- OLem xayj‑
*xawl‑
- Gloss: ‘tube’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₂éu̯l‑os
- Descendant
- OLem xayl‑
*xawōl‑
*xā‑
- Gloss: ‘oak’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: itself for act
- Metonymy: itself for act
- Ancestor: PIE *h₂éi̯g̑‑s
- Descendant
- PLem *xā‑pōz‑
*xā‑pōz‑
*xār‑
- Gloss: ‘get up, get to work’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: itself for act
- Factive narrowing
- Ancestor: PIE *h₂éi̯r̥
- Variant: [endingless noun]
- Descendant
- OLem xēr‑
*xār‑
- Gloss: ‘field, pasture land’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: itself for act
- Ancestor: PIE *h₂ég̑r‑os
- Descendant
- PLem *dzō‑xār‑
*xāz‑
- Gloss: ‘breathe’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: itself for act
- Ancestor: PIE *h₂ei̯d‑
- Variant: Narten present
- Descendant
- OLem xēz‑
*xing‑
*xisk‑
*xīzh‑
- Gloss: ‘drive’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₂eg̑‑
- Variant: i-reduplicated athematic present
- Descendant
- OLem xīzh‑
*xmalg‑
*xner‑
*xowj‑
- Gloss: ‘pasture’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: content for container
- Ancestor: PIE *h₂óu̯i‑s
- Descendants
- PLem *xowj‑fost‑
- OLem xouj‑
*xowj‑fost‑
- Gloss: ‘rock, boulder (in a pasture or field)’
- Constituents: PLem *xowj‑ + *fost‑
- Variant: compound
- Descendant
- OLem xoujfust‑
*xōw‑
- Gloss: ‘ear’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₂ṓu̯s
- Variant: [endingless noun]
- Descendants
- PLem *xōw‑drnu‑
- OLem xöü‑
*xōw‑drnu‑
*xōwj‑
- Gloss: ‘egg’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₂ōu̯i̯‑óm
- Descendant
- OLem xöüj‑
*xter‑
*xuhont‑
- Gloss: ‘wind’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₂uh₁‑ónt‑s
- Descendant
- OLem xuhont‑
*xuhsen‑
- Gloss: ‘ox’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₂uksén‑s
- Descendant
- OLem xuhsen‑
*xuɦ‑
*xuwēl‑
- Gloss: ‘wool’
- Ancestor: PIE *h₂u̯élh₁‑s
- Variant: Lindeman’s variant
- Descendant
- OLem xüēl‑
*xū‑
*xwaxū‑
- Gloss: ‘follow, pursue’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: effect/purpose for cause/motive
- Ancestor: PIE *h₂u̯ei̯‑
- Variant: e-reduplicated athematic present
- Descendant
- OLem xwyxü‑