lemÌc. Lemizh grammar and dictionary

Multilingual etymological dictionary

These are the uncensored data from the vocab creating software ‘Neogrammarian’.

afo

Gloss: ‘from’
Ancestor: PLem *afo
Descendant
- MLem afo

al‑

Gloss: ‘nourish, foster’
Ancestor: PLem *al‑
Descendant
- MLem al‑a

albw‑

Gloss: ‘white’
Ancestor: PLem *xalbw‑
Irregularity: dialect borrowing
Descendant
- MLem albw‑yr

alg‑

Gloss: ‘count, calculate’
Ancestor: PLem *alg‑
Descendants
- MLem alg‑a
- PWald *álg‑o

alggh‑

Gloss: ‘lie’
Ancestor: PLem *alggh‑
Descendant
- MLem algj‑a

algghw‑

Gloss: ‘little, dear [term of endearment]’
Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
Ancestor: PLem *algghw‑
Descendant
- MLem algjw‑yr

alt‑

Gloss: ‘heavy’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *als‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem alt‑yr

alxw‑

Gloss: ‘green’
Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
Ancestor: PLem *alxw‑
Descendant
- MLem alxw‑yr

angw‑

Gloss: ‘grow dark’
Ancestor: PLem *angw‑
Descendant
- MLem angw‑yr

ankfr‑

Gloss: ‘idle’
Connotation
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *ankfr‑
Descendant
- MLem ankfr‑yr

anw‑

Gloss: ‘new, unfamiliar’
Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Weakening narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *anw‑
Descendant
- OLem n‑anw‑

ardz‑

Gloss: ‘emerge’
Ancestor: PLem *ardz‑
Descendant
- MLem ardz‑a

arg‑

Gloss: ‘flow, drip’
Ancestor: PLem *arg‑
Descendant
- MLem arg‑ar

arzg‑

Gloss: ‘braid’
Ancestor: PLem *arzg‑
Descendant
- MLem arzg‑a

axr‑

Gloss: ‘male’
Ancestor: PLem *axr‑
Descendant
- MLem axr‑yr

bark‑

Gloss: ‘dwarf’
Ancestor: PLem *bark‑
Descendant
- MLem bark‑yr

blu‑

Gloss: ‘strong’
Ancestor: PLem *blu‑
Descendants
- OLem gwī‑blu‑
- OLem txu‑blu‑
- MLem blu‑yr

blürdz‑

Gloss: ‘shout, curse’
Connotation
- Factive narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *blu‑wardz‑
Descendant
- MLem blUrdz‑a

bwimbī‑

Gloss: ‘fear [noun]’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *bwembī‑
Descendant
- MLem bwimbii‑yr

bwyrgjent‑

Gloss: ‘the High One (Goddess of spring)’
Connotations
- Unsupported ending! Use root for verbs.
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *bwargjent‑
Descendants
- MLem bwyrgjent‑yr
- NLem bwyrgjent‑a

bybil‑

Gloss: ‘blessed’
Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *babil‑
Descendant
- MLem bybil‑a

çtöü‑

Gloss: ‘eight’
Connotation
- Local narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *oçtōw
Irregularity: inflected form
Descendant
- MLem xtOU‑yl

daçt‑

Gloss: ‘must’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *daçs‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem daxt‑a

dalh‑

Gloss: ‘hew, split’
Ancestor: PLem *dalh‑
Descendant
- MLem dal‑ar

damk‑

Gloss: ‘build; brick’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *damx‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem damk‑yr

dans‑

Gloss: ‘become adept’
Ancestor: PLem *dans‑
Descendant
- MLem dans‑yr

dap‑

Gloss: ‘flour’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *daf‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendants
- OLem wē‑dap‑
- MLem dap‑yr

darnggh‑

Gloss: ‘hold (fast)’
Ancestor: PLem *darnggh‑
Descendant
- MLem darngj‑a

darw‑

Gloss: ‘dance’
Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Weakening narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *darw‑
Descendants
- OLem mindu‑darw‑
- MLem darw‑a

demt‑

Gloss: ‘see’
Connotations
- Metonymy (weakening, hardening, concretising)
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *dems‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem demt‑a

dēthur‑

Gloss: ‘shiny, yellow’
Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *dēthor‑
Descendant
- MLem deequr‑yr

didhh‑

Gloss: ‘bind’
Ancestor: PLem *didhh‑
Descendant
- MLem div‑a

dish‑

Gloss: ‘ten’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *deshamt
Irregularity: inflected form
Descendant
- MLem dih‑yl

djei‑

Gloss: ‘day’
Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
Ancestor: PLem *djēw‑
Descendant
- MLem djei‑yr

djeipysir‑

Gloss: ‘Father Sky’
Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *djēw‑paser‑
Descendants
- MLem djeipys‑yr
- NLem djeipysir‑a

djēmyn‑

Gloss: ‘idea’
Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *djāman‑
Descendant
- MLem djeemyn‑yr

dluhw‑

Gloss: ‘tasty’
Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
Ancestor: PLem *dluhw‑
Descendant
- MLem dluxw‑yr

dou‑

Gloss: ‘arm’
Ancestor: PLem *dow‑
Descendant
- OLem wēgh‑dou‑

dö‑

Gloss: ‘give’
Ancestor: PLem *dō‑
Descendant
- MLem dOO‑a

dömyn‑

Gloss: ‘bowl’
Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *dōman‑
Descendant
- MLem dOOmyn‑yr

drep‑

Gloss: ‘tear, bite off [especially said of small animals]’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *dref‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem drep‑ir

drnu‑

Gloss: ‘run’
Ancestor: PLem *drnu‑
Descendant
- MLem drnu‑a

duh‑

Gloss: ‘pull’
Ancestor: PLem *duh‑
Descendant
- MLem dux‑a

duru‑

Gloss: ‘wood (material)’
Connotation
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *doru‑
Descendants
- OLem duru‑zd‑
- MLem duru‑yr

durul‑

Gloss: ‘bush’
Connotation
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *dorul‑
Descendant
- MLem durul‑yr

duru‑zd‑

Gloss: ‘stool, chair, lit. wooden seat’
Constituents: OLem duru‑ + zd‑
Variant: compound
Descendant
- MLem duruzd‑yr

dw‑

Gloss: ‘move about’
Connotations
- Melioration narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *dw‑
Descendants
- OLem dwa‑xner‑
- MLem dw‑a

dwant‑

Gloss: ‘shatter’
Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Softening narrowing
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *dwans‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem dwant‑a

dwarnh‑

Gloss: ‘marry’
Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *dwarnh‑
Descendant
- MLem dwarn‑a

dwarnw‑

Gloss: ‘excite joyfully, fill with enthusiasm’
Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *dwarnw‑
Descendant
- MLem dwarnw‑yr

dwa‑xner‑

Gloss: ‘nomad’
Constituents: OLem dw‑ + xner‑
Variant: compound
Descendant
- MLem dwaxner‑ar

dwijēm‑

Gloss: ‘twin’
Ancestor: PLem *dwi‑jēm‑
Descendant
- MLem dwijeem‑yr

dwor‑

Gloss: ‘pasture gate’
Connotation
- Weakening narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *dwor‑
Descendants
- OLem nēz‑dwor‑
- MLem dwor‑a

dwö‑

Gloss: ‘two’
Ancestor: PLem *dwō
Irregularity: inflected form
Descendant
- MLem dwOO‑yl

dyngwē‑

Gloss: ‘tongue’
Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *dangwā‑
Descendant
- MLem dyngwee‑yr

dyrkter‑

Gloss: ‘finger’
Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *darkter‑
Descendants
- OLem dyrkter‑hengj‑
- MLem dyrkter‑yr

dyrkter‑hengj‑

Gloss: ‘thimble’
Constituents: OLem dyrkter‑ + hengj‑
Variant: endocentric compound (tatpurusha)
Descendant
- MLem dyrkterengj‑yr

dzi‑

Gloss: ‘god’
Irregularity: back-formation of Mother Earth’s (…) and the Seedputter’s (…) names
Descendant
- NLem dzi‑a

dzingmēsir‑

Gloss: ‘Mother Earth’
Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *dzeng‑māser‑
Descendants
- MLem dzingmees‑yr
- NLem dzingmesir‑a

dzingom‑

Gloss: ‘soil’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *dzengom‑
Descendant
- MLem dzingom‑yr

dzingswidh‑

Gloss: ‘mole, mole hill’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *dzeng‑swidh‑
Descendant
- MLem dzingswiv‑yr

dziskont‑

Gloss: ‘Seedputter (the God of agriculture)’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *dzeskont‑
Descendants
- MLem dziskont‑yr
- NLem dziskont‑a

dhembw‑

Gloss: ‘be astonished’
Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
Ancestor: PLem *dzembw‑
Descendant
- MLem vembw‑a

dhengw‑

Gloss: ‘make fire’
Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
Ancestor: PLem *dzengw‑
Descendant
- MLem vengw‑yr

dher‑

Gloss: ‘balk, stall, hinder’
Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
Ancestor: PLem *dzer‑
Descendants
- MLem ver‑a
- PWald *ðér‑o

dhesk‑

Gloss: ‘misplace > err’
Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
Ancestor: PLem *dzesk‑
Descendants
- MLem vesk‑a
- PWald *ðéskh‑o

dhing‑

Gloss: ‘deform’
Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
Ancestor: PLem *dzing‑
Descendant
- MLem zing‑a

dhī‑

Gloss: ‘choose’
Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
Ancestor: PLem *dzī‑
Descendant
- MLem vii‑a

dhībwyr‑

Gloss: ‘fascinate’
Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
Ancestor: PLem *dzī‑bwar‑
Descendant
- MLem viibwyr‑a

dhont‑

Gloss: ‘tooth’
Connotation
- Nominative narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *edhont‑
Descendants
- OLem pē‑dhont‑
- MLem vont‑yr

etht‑

Gloss: ‘want (something edible) > sweetmeat’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *eths‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem eqt‑yr

fet‑

Gloss: ‘fast’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *fesh‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem fet‑yr

fifing‑

Gloss: ‘desire’
Ancestor: PLem *fifing‑
Descendant
- MLem fifing‑a

fis‑

Gloss: ‘pear’
Connotation
- Factive narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *afis‑
Descendant
- MLem fis‑yr

fler‑

Gloss: ‘blue’
Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Melioration narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *pfler‑
Descendant
- MLem fler‑yr

flor‑

Gloss: ‘blue’
Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Melioration narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *pflor‑

fmink‑

Gloss: ‘spill’
Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Melioration narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *fmink‑
Descendant
- MLem fmink‑a

fna‑

Gloss: ‘feel’
Connotation
- Softening narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *fna‑
Descendant
- MLem fna‑a

fnat‑

Gloss: ‘yearn’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *fnas‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem fnat‑a

fnomb‑

Gloss: ‘navel, hub’
Ancestor: PLem *fnomb‑
Descendant
- MLem fnomb‑yr

föpysir‑

Gloss: ‘Father Midwinter’
Connotations
- Metonymy: place for place
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *foɦ‑paser‑
Descendants
- MLem fOOpys‑yr
- NLem fOpysir‑a

fös‑

Gloss: ‘mouth’
Ancestor: PLem *fōs‑
Descendants
- OLem lingj‑fös‑
- MLem fOOs‑yr

frenk‑

Gloss: ‘fruit’
Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Melioration narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *pfrenk‑
Descendant
- MLem frenk‑a

frēkur‑

Gloss: ‘Brother (in) War’
Connotations
- Melioration narrowing
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *pfrā‑kor‑
Descendants
- MLem freekur‑yr
- NLem frekur‑a

frēm‑

Gloss: ‘move aimlessly’
Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Melioration narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *pfrēm‑
Descendant
- MLem freem‑a

frēsir‑

Gloss: ‘uncle (father’s brother)’
Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Melioration narrowing
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *pfrāser‑
Descendant
- MLem frees‑yr

frīn‑

Gloss: ‘boil, churn’
Ancestor: PLem *frīn‑
Descendants
- MLem friin‑a
- PWald *frī́n‑o

fruh‑

Gloss: ‘astonish’
Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Melioration narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *pfruh‑
Descendant
- MLem frux‑a

frunk‑

Gloss: ‘dig (out)’
Ancestor: PLem *frunk‑
Descendant
- MLem frunk‑a

furon‑

Gloss: ‘daring’
Connotation
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *foron‑
Descendant
- MLem furon‑yr

furor‑

Gloss: ‘tree’
Connotation
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *foror‑
Descendant
- MLem furor‑yr

fxurm‑

Gloss: ‘dragon’
Ancestor: PLem *fxurm‑
Descendants
- OLem fxurm‑pēsk‑
- MLem fxurm‑yr

fxurm‑pēsk‑

Gloss: ‘(white?) shark’
Constituents: OLem fxurm‑ + pēsk‑
Variant: compound
Descendant
- MLem fxurmpeesk‑yr

gar‑

Gloss: ‘sound, call’
Ancestor: PLem *gar‑
Descendant
- MLem gar‑a

garbw‑

Gloss: ‘carve’
Ancestor: PLem *garbw‑
Descendant
- MLem garbw‑a

garxn‑

Gloss: ‘grain’
Ancestor: PLem *garxn‑
Descendant
- MLem garxn‑yr

gēr‑

Gloss: ‘make old, mature’
Ancestor: PLem *gēr‑
Descendant
- MLem geer‑a

gēxmyn‑

Gloss: ‘servant’
Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *gewxman‑
Descendant
- MLem geexmyn‑yr

ginhman‑

Gloss: ‘offspring, seed’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *genhman‑
Descendant
- MLem genman‑yr

gizhanh‑

Gloss: ‘produce’
Ancestor: PLem *gizhanh‑
Descendant
- MLem gecan‑a

gjingung‑

Gloss: ‘cuckoo’s egg > harmless trickery, cheating’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *gjengung‑
Descendant
- MLem gjingung‑a

gjisor‑

Gloss: ‘welcome, show respect’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *gjesor‑
Descendant
- MLem gjisor‑a

gmru‑

Gloss: ‘warm’
Connotation
- Metonymy (weakening, hardening, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *gmru‑
Descendant
- MLem gmru‑yr

gunu‑

Gloss: ‘corner’
Connotation
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *gonu‑
Descendant
- MLem gunu‑yr

guxl‑

Gloss: ‘antimony [from Akkadian]’
Ancestor: PLem *guxl‑
Descendant
- MLem guxl‑yr

gümin‑

Gloss: ‘prayer, invocation’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *gūmen‑
Descendant
- MLem gUmin‑a

gw‑

Gloss: ‘someone, anyone’
Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *gw‑
Descendant
- MLem gw‑yr

gwalh‑

Gloss: ‘burn, blaze’
Ancestor: PLem *gwalh‑
Descendant
- MLem gwal‑a

gwalnh‑

Gloss: ‘turn’
Ancestor: PLem *gwalnh‑
Descendant
- MLem gwaln‑a

gwalp‑

Gloss: ‘cup’
Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *gwalp‑
Descendant
- MLem gwalp‑yr

gwas‑

Gloss: ‘cheese’
Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *gwas‑
Descendant
- MLem gwas‑yr

gweml‑

Gloss: ‘wheel, circle’
Connotations
- Metonymy (weakening, hardening, concretising)
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *gweml‑
Descendant
- MLem gweml‑yr

gwen‑

Gloss: ‘woman’
Ancestor: PLem *gwen‑
Descendant
- MLem gwen‑yr

gwer‑

Gloss: ‘cut’
Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *gwer‑
Descendant
- MLem gwer‑a

gweshsh‑

Gloss: ‘trick’
Connotations
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
Ancestor: PWald *gvéšš‑a
Descendant
- MLem gwehh‑a

gwet‑

Gloss: ‘teach’
Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *gwesh‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem gwet‑a

gwēl‑

Gloss: ‘coal’
Ancestor: PLem *gwēl‑
Descendant
- MLem gweel‑yr

gwiru‑

Gloss: ‘skewer, spear’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *gweru‑
Descendant
- MLem gwiru‑yr

gwisk‑

Gloss: ‘(be) careful’
Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *gwisk‑
Descendant
- MLem gwisk‑ar

gwith‑

Gloss: ‘four’
Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *gwethwores
Irregularity: inflected form
Descendant
- MLem gwiq‑yl

gwī‑

Gloss: ‘live’
Ancestor: PLem *gwī‑
Descendant
- OLem gwī‑blu‑

gwī‑blu‑

Gloss: ‘be well, healthy, in good shape’
Constituents: OLem gwī‑ + blu‑
Variant: compound
Descendant
- MLem gwiiblu‑a

gwon‑

Gloss: ‘eager’
Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *gwon‑
Descendants
- OLem krei‑gwon‑
- MLem gwon‑ar

gword‑

Gloss: ‘rose’
Connotation
- Softening narrowing
Ancestor: PWald *gvórd‑a
Descendant
- MLem gword‑yr

gwou‑

Gloss: ‘cow’
Ancestor: PLem *gwow‑
Descendant
- MLem gwou‑yr

gwöl‑

Gloss: ‘neck’
Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *gwōl‑
Descendant
- MLem gwOOl‑yr

gyrter‑

Gloss: ‘rooster’
Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *garter‑
Descendant
- MLem gyrter‑yr

ghand‑

Gloss: ‘abduct’
Connotation
- Pejorative narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *gghand‑
Descendant
- MLem Rand‑a

gharj‑

Gloss: ‘colour’
Connotation
- Pejorative narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *ggharj‑
Descendant
- MLem Rarj‑ar

ghenb‑

Gloss: ‘seize and put into one’s bag (?)’
Connotation
- Pejorative narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *gghenb‑
Descendant
- MLem Renb‑yr

ghēg‑

Gloss: ‘soul’
Connotations
- Softening narrowing
- Pejorative narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *gghewg‑
Descendant
- MLem Reeg‑yr

ghostxj‑

Gloss: ‘strange lands’
Connotations
- Metonymy: content for container
- Pejorative narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *gghostxj‑
Descendants
- MLem Rostxj‑er
- PWald *ósthi‑a

ghozw‑

Gloss: ‘road, street’
Connotation
- Pejorative narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *gghozw‑
Descendant
- MLem Rozw‑yr

hangwnj‑

Gloss: ‘hearth’
Connotation
- Metonymy: content for container
Ancestor: PLem *hangwnj‑
Descendant
- MLem angwnj‑yr

hargw‑

Gloss: ‘dark’
Ancestor: PLem *hargw‑
Descendant
- MLem argw‑yr

harsk‑

Gloss: ‘get somewhere, end up somewhere’
Ancestor: PLem *harsk‑
Descendant
- MLem arsk‑er

hart‑

Gloss: ‘blood’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *hars‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem art‑yr

hedh‑

Gloss: ‘eat’
Ancestor: PLem *hedh‑
Descendant
- MLem ev‑a

hefi

Gloss: ‘upon, near’
Ancestor: PLem *hefi
Descendant
- MLem efi‑yr

hem‑

Gloss: ‘take’
Ancestor: PLem *hem‑
Descendants
- OLem kom‑hem‑
- MLem em‑a

hen

Gloss: ‘in’
Ancestor: PLem *hen
Descendant
- MLem en

hengj‑

Gloss: ‘protection, armour’
Connotation
- Metonymy: content for container
Ancestor: PLem *hengj‑
Descendants
- OLem dyrkter‑hengj‑
- MLem engj‑yr

heshw‑

Gloss: ‘horse’
Ancestor: PLem *heshw‑
Descendant
- MLem ehw‑yr

hethdj‑

Gloss: ‘host’
Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Metonymy: content for container
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *hethdj‑
Descendant
- MLem eqdj‑ar

hezhö‑

Gloss: ‘person, individual’
Ancestor: PLem *hezhō
Irregularity: inflected form
Descendants
- OLem lēh‑hezhö‑
- MLem ecOO‑yr

hē

Gloss: ‘ha!’
Ancestor: PLem *hā
Descendant
- MLem ee‑a

hēnd‑

Gloss: ‘say’
Ancestor: PLem *hēnd‑
Descendants
- OLem lizh‑hēnd‑
- MLem eend‑a

hēngw‑

Gloss: ‘drink’
Ancestor: PLem *hēngw‑
Descendant
- MLem eengw‑a

hilem‑

Gloss: ‘mountain elm’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *helem‑
Descendant
- MLem ilem‑yr

hisxar‑

Gloss: ‘vitality’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *hesxar‑
Descendant
- MLem isxar‑yr

hishwtrē‑

Gloss: ‘herd’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *heshw‑trew‑
Descendant
- MLem ihwtree‑yr

hlangmr‑

Gloss: ‘dragonfly’
Connotation
- Metonymy (weakening, hardening, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *hlangmr‑
Descendant
- MLem langmr‑yr

hnē‑

Gloss: ‘nine’
Connotation
- Factive narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *hnewan
Irregularity: inflected form
Descendant
- MLem nee‑yl

hnuman‑

Gloss: ‘name’
Connotation
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *hnoman‑
Descendant
- MLem numan‑yr

hol‑

Gloss: ‘awl’
Ancestor: PLem *hol‑
Descendant
- MLem ol‑yr

höm‑

Gloss: ‘shoulder’
Ancestor: PLem *hōm‑
Descendant
- MLem OOm‑yr

hön‑

Gloss: ‘single, alone’
Connotation
- Metonymy: place for place
Ancestor: PLem *hōn‑
Descendant
- MLem OOn‑yr

hönkyrt‑

Gloss: ‘Lone Runner (the God of trade)’
Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *hōn‑kars‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendants
- MLem OOnkyrt‑ar
- NLem Onkyrt‑a

hör‑

Gloss: ‘buttocks’
Ancestor: PLem *hōr‑
Descendant
- MLem OOr‑yr

hrē‑

Gloss: ‘ask’
Ancestor: PLem *hrē‑
Descendant
- MLem ree‑a

hrēdmyn‑

Gloss: ‘rust, meteorite iron?’
Connotations
- Softening narrowing
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *hrewdman‑
Descendant
- MLem reedmyn‑yr

hrink‑

Gloss: ‘tear, break’
Ancestor: PLem *hrink‑
Descendant
- MLem rink‑a

hrundr‑

Gloss: ‘red’
Ancestor: PLem *hrundr‑
Descendant
- MLem rundr‑yr

hsuzömyn‑

Gloss: ‘good gift [either referring to an area of land or to a good person]’
Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *hsuzōman‑
Descendant
- MLem suzOOmyn‑ar

huh‑

Gloss: ‘be comfortable with, love’
Ancestor: PLem *huh‑

huhsor‑

Gloss: ‘Lady Love’
Ancestor: PLem *huh‑sor‑
Descendants
- MLem uxsor‑yr
- NLem usor‑a

huhtrē‑

Gloss: ‘home’
Ancestor: PLem *huh‑trew‑
Descendant
- MLem uxtree‑yr

husw‑

Gloss: ‘enjoyable’
Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
Ancestor: PLem *husw‑
Descendant
- MLem usw‑a

hwarhw‑

Gloss: ‘free’
Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
Ancestor: PLem *hwarhw‑
Descendant
- MLem warw‑yr

hwihung‑

Gloss: ‘speak solemnly’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *hwehung‑
Descendant
- MLem wixung‑a

hwont‑

Gloss: ‘eye’
Connotation
- Local narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *ohwont‑
Descendant
- OLem lingj‑hwont‑

hyrkant‑

Gloss: ‘crippled’
Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *harkans‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem yrkant‑yr

hyrsen‑

Gloss: ‘male’
Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *harsen‑
Descendant
- MLem yrsen‑yr

ī‑

Gloss: ‘ask for, strive’
Ancestor: PLem *ī‑
Descendant
- MLem ii‑a

j‑

Gloss: ‘move, go’
Ancestor: PLem *j‑
Descendant
- MLem j‑a

jei‑

Gloss: ‘barley’
Ancestor: PLem *jēw‑
Descendant
- MLem jei‑yr

jek‑

Gloss: ‘mouth, oral cavity’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *jex‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem jek‑yr

jenj‑

Gloss: ‘(be) bored’
Connotation
- Pejorative narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *gjenj‑
Descendant
- MLem jenj‑yr

jesl‑

Gloss: ‘thousand’
Connotation
- Pejorative narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *gjesl‑
Descendant
- MLem jesl‑yl

jēhē‑

Gloss: ‘farmer’
Ancestor: PLem *jewhē‑
Descendant
- MLem jeexee‑ar

jēm‑

Gloss: ‘ice’
Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Pejorative narrowing
- Local narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *gjēom‑
Descendant
- MLem jeem‑yr

jēs‑

Gloss: ‘thick soup’
Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *jews‑
Descendant
- MLem jees‑yr

jēt‑

Gloss: ‘call, rouse’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *jews‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem jeet‑a

jēxwyr‑

Gloss: ‘bile’
Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *jēxwar‑
Descendant
- MLem jeexw‑yr

jihar‑

Gloss: ‘year’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *jehar‑
Descendant
- MLem jixar‑yr

jinggh‑

Gloss: ‘crave’
Connotation
- Pejorative narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *gjinggh‑
Descendant
- MLem jingj‑a

jinxter‑

Gloss: ‘brother-in-law’s wife’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *jenxter‑
Descendant
- MLem jinxter‑yr

jork‑

Gloss: ‘roe deer’
Ancestor: PLem *jork‑
Descendant
- MLem jork‑yr

jüpīf‑

Gloss: ‘a foreign people’
Ancestor: PLem *jū‑piwf‑
Descendants
- MLem jUpiif‑yr
- PWald *iuphī́f‑as

jür‑

Gloss: ‘worm’
Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *gjuwer‑
Descendant
- MLem jUr‑yr

kafk‑

Gloss: ‘seize’
Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *kafk‑
Descendant
- MLem kafk‑a

kafr‑

Gloss: ‘goat’
Ancestor: PLem *kafr‑
Descendant
- MLem kafr‑yr

kalp‑

Gloss: ‘steal’
Ancestor: PLem *kalp‑
Descendant
- MLem kalp‑a

kan‑

Gloss: ‘sing’
Ancestor: PLem *kan‑
Descendant
- MLem gan‑a

karst‑

Gloss: ‘throat’
Ancestor: PLem *karst‑
Descendant
- MLem karst‑yr

kart‑

Gloss: ‘hunt’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *kars‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem kart‑a

karxn‑

Gloss: ‘horn’
Ancestor: PLem *karxn‑
Descendant
- MLem karxn‑yr

kazw‑

Gloss: ‘troubled’
Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
Ancestor: PLem *kazw‑
Descendant
- MLem kazw‑yr

keghggh‑

Gloss: ‘hold under protection’
Ancestor: PLem *keghggh‑
Descendant
- MLem kejgj‑a

kei‑

Gloss: ‘wobble, swing’
Ancestor: PLem *kēw‑
Descendant
- MLem kei‑a

kerd‑

Gloss: ‘heart’
Ancestor: PLem *kerd‑
Descendant
- MLem kerd‑ar

kes‑

Gloss: ‘squirrel’
Ancestor: PLem *kes‑
Descendant
- OLem kes‑müs‑

kes‑müs‑

Gloss: ‘squirrel’
Constituents: OLem kes‑ + müs‑
Variant: clarifying compound
Descendant
- MLem kesmUs‑yr

kēhk‑

Gloss: ‘regret’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *kāhx‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem keexk‑a

kēm‑

Gloss: ‘announce, praise’
Ancestor: PLem *kēm‑
Descendant
- MLem keem‑a

kfrar‑

Gloss: ‘important’
Connotation
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *kfrar‑
Descendant
- MLem kfrar‑yr

kfrend‑

Gloss: ‘claim, insist’
Connotation
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *kfrend‑
Descendant
- MLem kfrend‑a

kiras‑

Gloss: ‘sweet cherry (fruit)’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *keras‑
Descendant
- MLem keras‑yr

kisman‑

Gloss: ‘tail’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *kesman‑
Descendant
- MLem kesman‑yr

kishidh‑

Gloss: ‘call’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *keshidh‑
Descendant
- MLem kehev‑a

knē‑

Gloss: ‘nut’
Ancestor: PLem *knew‑
Descendant
- MLem knee‑yr

knogh‑

Gloss: ‘nape’
Ancestor: PLem *knoɦ‑
Descendant
- MLem knoR‑yr

kom

Gloss: ‘with’
Ancestor: PLem *kom
Descendants
- OLem kom‑hem‑
- MLem gom

kom‑hem‑

Gloss: ‘bag, bundle’
Constituents: OLem kom + hem‑
Variant: compound
Descendant
- MLem gomem‑yr

konggh‑

Gloss: ‘shell, mussel’
Ancestor: PLem *konggh‑
Descendants
- OLem rep‑konggh‑
- PWald *khóng‑a

korj‑

Gloss: ‘male association’
Ancestor: PLem *korj‑
Descendant
- MLem korj‑yr

krei‑

Gloss: ‘blood (outside the body)’
Ancestor: PLem *krēw‑
Descendants
- OLem krei‑gwon‑
- MLem krei‑yr

krei‑gwon‑

Gloss: ‘bloodthirsty’
Constituents: OLem krei‑ + gwon‑
Variant: endocentric compound (tatpurusha)
Descendant
- MLem kreigwon‑ar

krixrü‑

Gloss: ‘(make) bleed’
Ancestor: PLem *krixrū‑
Descendant
- MLem krixrU‑a

krne‑

Gloss: ‘sieve, separate’
Ancestor: PLem *krne‑
Descendant
- MLem krne‑a

ksef‑

Gloss: ‘shadow, shade’
Connotation
- Weakening narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *ksef‑
Descendant
- MLem ksef‑yr

ksr‑

Gloss: ‘grey’
Ancestor: PLem *ksr‑
Descendant
- MLem ksr‑yr

kt‑

Gloss: ‘harrow’ > (also) ‘dig’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *ks‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem kt‑a

kuhw‑

Gloss: ‘tuber, truffle?’
Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
Ancestor: PLem *kuhw‑
Descendant
- MLem kuxw‑yr

kuhwar‑

Gloss: ‘faeces’
Connotation
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *kohwar‑
Descendant
- MLem kuxwar‑yr

kuku‑

Gloss: ‘cuckoo’
Irregularity: onomatopoetic
Descendant
- MLem kuku‑yr

kundr‑

Gloss: ‘clean’
Ancestor: PLem *kundr‑
Descendant
- MLem gundr‑yr

kurtrē‑

Gloss: ‘war’
Connotation
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *kor‑trew‑
Descendants
- OLem kurtrē‑müs‑
- MLem kurtree‑yr

kurtrē‑müs‑

Gloss: ‘rat’
Constituents: OLem kurtrē‑ + müs‑
Variant: compound
Descendant
- MLem kurtreemUs‑yr

kuzt‑

Gloss: ‘weep’
Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *kuzt‑
Descendant
- MLem kuzt‑a

kxynö‑

Gloss: ‘gosling’
Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *kxanō‑
Descendant
- MLem kxynOO‑yr

kyfus‑

Gloss: ‘brain’
Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *kafus‑
Descendant
- MLem kyfus‑yr

lei‑

Gloss: ‘louse’
Ancestor: PLem *lēw‑
Descendant
- MLem lei‑yr

lek‑

Gloss: ‘jump’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *lex‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem lek‑a

lew‑

Gloss: ‘lion’
Connotation
- Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
Ancestor: EHell *leũ‑on
Descendant
- MLem lew‑yr

lēb‑

Gloss: ‘fascinate, charm’
Connotation
- Softening narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *lewb‑
Descendant
- MLem leeb‑ar

lēh‑

Gloss: ‘shine’
Ancestor: PLem *lewh‑
Descendants
- OLem lēh‑hezhö‑
- MLem leex‑a

lēh‑hezhö‑

Gloss: ‘fairy’
Constituents: OLem lēh‑ + hezhö‑
Variant: compound
Descendant
- MLem leexecOO‑yr

lēmin‑

Gloss: ‘Lemizh’
Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *lēmen‑
Descendants
- MLem leemin‑yr
- PWald *lḗmin‑as

lēng‑

Gloss: ‘spoon’
Connotation
- Metonymy: message for sender
Ancestor: PLem *lēng‑
Descendant
- MLem leeng‑yr

lēr‑

Gloss: ‘lip’
Connotation
- Local narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *lewor‑
Descendant
- MLem leer‑yr

lēth‑

Gloss: ‘warm part of the year’
Ancestor: PLem *lēth‑
Descendant
- MLem leeq‑yr

lingj‑

Gloss: ‘house’
Connotation
- Metonymy: content for container
Ancestor: PLem *lingj‑
Descendants
- OLem lingj‑fös‑
- OLem lingj‑hwont‑
- MLem lingj‑a

lingj‑fös‑

Gloss: ‘portal, front door’
Constituents: OLem lingj‑ + fös‑
Variant: endocentric compound (tatpurusha)
Descendant
- MLem lingjfOOs‑yr

lingj‑hwont‑

Gloss: ‘window’
Constituents: OLem lingj‑ + hwont‑
Variant: endocentric compound (tatpurusha)
Descendant
- MLem lingjwont‑yr

lint‑

Gloss: ‘touch’
Ancestor: PLem *lint‑
Descendant
- MLem lint‑a

lithk‑

Gloss: ‘race’
Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *lithk‑
Descendant
- MLem liqk‑a

lizh‑

Gloss: ‘bind’
Ancestor: PLem *lizh‑
Descendant
- OLem lizh‑hēnd‑

lizh‑hēnd‑

Gloss: ‘conclude (a speech)’
Constituents: OLem lizh‑ + hēnd‑
Variant: compound
Descendant
- MLem liceend‑yr

līn‑

Gloss: ‘trace’
Ancestor: PLem *līn‑
Descendant
- MLem liin‑a

lohw‑

Gloss: ‘temple’
Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
Ancestor: PLem *lohw‑
Descendant
- MLem loxw‑yr

lufr‑

Gloss: ‘skin, peel’
Ancestor: PLem *lufr‑
Descendant
- MLem lufr‑yr

lufw‑

Gloss: ‘clean’
Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
Ancestor: PLem *lufw‑
Descendant
- MLem lufw‑yr

luhsj‑

Gloss: ‘lynx’
Connotation
- Metonymy: content for container
Ancestor: PLem *luhsj‑
Descendant
- MLem luxsj‑yr

lumb‑

Gloss: ‘love’
Ancestor: PLem *lumb‑
Descendant
- MLem lumb‑yr

lung‑

Gloss: ‘break by bending’
Ancestor: PLem *lung‑
Descendant
- MLem lung‑a

malngw‑

Gloss: ‘hinder, restrain’
Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *malngw‑
Descendant
- MLem malngw‑a

maltk‑

Gloss: ‘melt’
Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *maltk‑
Descendant
- MLem maltk‑a

manw‑

Gloss: ‘affection’
Connotation
- Softening narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *manw‑
Descendant
- MLem manw‑a

margjw‑

Gloss: ‘short-tempered’
Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
Ancestor: PLem *margjw‑
Descendant
- MLem margjw‑yr

marnk‑

Gloss: ‘something to be squashed > insect, pest’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *marnx‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem marnk‑yr

mazd‑

Gloss: ‘fat [mainly of animals]’
Ancestor: PLem *mazd‑
Descendant
- MLem mazd‑yr

medh‑

Gloss: ‘measure, look after, enforce’
Ancestor: PLem *medh‑
Descendant
- MLem mev‑yr

mezhk‑

Gloss: ‘large’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *mezhx‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem mec‑yr

mē‑

Gloss: ‘change [intr.]’
Connotation
- Metonymy: message for sender
Ancestor: PLem *mē‑
Descendant
- MLem mee‑a

mēçk‑

Gloss: ‘lie’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *māçx‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem meexk‑a

mēm‑

Gloss: ‘meat, flesh’
Ancestor: PLem *mēm‑
Descendant
- MLem meem‑yr

mēsir‑

Gloss: ‘child (of someone)’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *māser‑
Descendant
- MLem mees‑yr

mēsur‑

Gloss: ‘fly’
Connotation
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *mew‑sor‑
Descendant
- MLem meesur‑yr

mifont‑

Gloss: ‘plant, fungus’
Ancestor: PLem *mifont‑
Descendant
- MLem mifont‑yr

milidh‑

Gloss: ‘sweet’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *melidh‑
Descendants
- MLem miliv‑yr
- PWald *milíð‑a

milidhhedh‑

Gloss: ‘bear’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *melidh‑hedh‑
Descendant
- MLem milivev‑yr

mimalk‑

Gloss: ‘crush, separate’
Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *memalx‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem mimal‑yl

mindu‑

Gloss: ‘mead’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *mendu‑
Descendants
- OLem mindu‑darw‑
- MLem mindu‑yr

mindu‑darw‑

Gloss: ‘gather for entertainment, lit. drink mead and dance (?)’
Constituents: OLem mindu‑ + darw‑
Variant: compound
Descendant
- MLem mindudarw‑a

minesw‑

Gloss: ‘Goddess of wisdom’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *menesw‑
Descendants
- MLem minesw‑yr
- NLem minesw‑a

mishk‑

Gloss: ‘mix’
Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *mishk‑
Descendant
- MLem mihk‑a

mishkont‑

Gloss: ‘healer (one mixing potions)’
Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *mishkont‑
Descendant
- MLem mihkont‑ar

mit‑

Gloss: ‘awake’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *mis‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem mit‑a

mithk‑

Gloss: ‘send someone on a quest, give someone an opportunity’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *mithx‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem miqk‑a

mithxpeir‑

Gloss: ‘star’
Connotation
- Factive narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *mithx‑pāwar‑
Descendant
- MLem miqxpe‑ar

mizdz‑

Gloss: ‘reward, payment’
Ancestor: PLem *mizdz‑
Descendant
- MLem mizdz‑yr

mizt‑

Gloss: ‘reward’
Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *mizt‑
Descendant
- MLem mizt‑yr

mlēxmyn‑

Gloss: ‘thing spoken’
Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *mlewxman‑
Descendant
- MLem mleexmyn‑yr

mnask‑

Gloss: ‘think’
Ancestor: PLem *mnask‑
Descendant
- MLem mnask‑a

morwj‑

Gloss: ‘anthill’
Connotation
- Metonymy: content for container
Ancestor: PLem *morwj‑
Descendant
- MLem morwj‑yr

mö‑

Gloss: ‘fleece (?)’
Connotation
- Metonymy: place for place
Ancestor: PLem *mō‑
Descendant
- OLem wer‑mö‑

muri‑

Gloss: ‘sea’
Connotation
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *mori‑
Descendant
- MLem muri‑yr

musanh‑

Gloss: ‘lift, remove’
Ancestor: PLem *musanh‑
Descendant
- MLem musan‑a

müs‑

Gloss: ‘mouse’
Ancestor: PLem *mūs‑
Descendants
- OLem kes‑müs‑
- OLem kurtrē‑müs‑
- MLem mUs‑yr

namr‑

Gloss: ‘valley’
Ancestor: PLem *namr‑
Descendant
- MLem namr‑yr

n‑anw‑

Gloss: ‘habit(ual)’
Constituents: OLem ne‑ + anw‑
Variant: compound
Descendant
- MLem nanw‑yr

nas‑

Gloss: ‘nose’
Ancestor: PLem *nas‑
Descendant
- MLem nas‑yr

ne‑

Gloss: ‘not’
Ancestor: PLem *ne
Irregularity: inflected form
Descendants
- OLem n‑anw‑
- MLem ne‑a

nem‑

Gloss: ‘tilt’
Ancestor: PLem *nem‑
Descendant
- MLem nem‑a

nemb‑

Gloss: ‘burst, tear’
Ancestor: PLem *nemb‑
Descendant
- MLem nemb‑a

nēnī‑

Gloss: ‘run’
Connotation
- Metonymy: message for sender
Ancestor: PLem *nēnī‑
Descendant
- MLem neenii‑a

nēz‑

Gloss: ‘push’
Ancestor: PLem *newz‑
Descendant
- OLem nēz‑dwor‑

nēz‑dwor‑

Gloss: ‘become acquainted, get to know’
Constituents: OLem nēz‑ + dwor‑
Variant: compound
Descendant
- MLem neezdwor‑a

nifos‑

Gloss: ‘ancestor [sic]’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *nefos‑
Descendant
- MLem nefos‑yr

nifton‑

Gloss: ‘Nephew of the Waters’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *nefton‑
Descendants
- MLem nefton‑yr
- NLem nifton‑a
- PWald *nifthón‑as

nighwas‑

Gloss: ‘tired’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *neghwas‑
Descendant
- MLem neRwas‑yr

nizd‑

Gloss: ‘nest’
Ancestor: PLem *nizd‑
Descendant
- MLem nezd‑yr

nuhwat‑

Gloss: ‘night’
Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *nohwas‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem nuxwat‑yr

ö

Gloss: ‘oh!’
Ancestor: PLem *ō

palw‑

Gloss: ‘float’
Ancestor: PLem *palw‑
Descendant
- MLem palw‑a

palx‑

Gloss: ‘flat’
Ancestor: PLem *palx‑
Descendants
- OLem pal‑xouj‑
- OLem uf‑palx‑

pal‑xouj‑

Gloss: ‘(flat) pasture land’
Constituents: OLem palx‑ + xouj‑
Variant: compound
Descendant
- MLem palxouj‑yr

pangdj‑

Gloss: ‘determined, authoritative’
Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Strengthening narrowing
- Metonymy: content for container
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *pangdj‑
Descendant
- MLem pangdj‑ar

park‑

Gloss: ‘request’
Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Melioration narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *park‑
Descendant
- MLem park‑a

parstxj‑

Gloss: ‘basket’
Connotation
- Metonymy: content for container
Ancestor: PLem *parstxj‑
Descendant
- MLem parstx‑yr

part‑

Gloss: ‘barely succeed’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *pars‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem part‑a

peri

Gloss: ‘around, through’
Ancestor: PLem *peri
Descendants
- OLem per‑wer‑
- OLem per‑pifh‑

per‑pifh‑

Gloss: ‘move around’
Constituents: OLem peri + pifh‑
Variant: compound
Descendant
- MLem perpif‑a

per‑wer‑

Gloss: ‘wear’
Constituents: OLem peri + wer‑
Variant: compound
Descendant
- MLem perwer‑a

pet‑

Gloss: ‘correct’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *pesh‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem pet‑yr

pexw‑

Gloss: ‘cook’
Ancestor: PLem *pexw‑
Descendant
- MLem pexw‑a

pē‑

Gloss: ‘kind of official, probably of the clergy’
Connotation
- Metonymy: message for sender
Ancestor: PLem *pē‑
Descendants
- OLem pē‑dhont‑
- MLem pee‑yr

pēç‑

Gloss: ‘pine’
Ancestor: PLem *pewç‑
Descendant
- MLem peex‑yr

pē‑dhont‑

Gloss: ‘straight’
Constituents: OLem pē‑ + dhont‑
Variant: compound
Descendant
- MLem peevont‑yr

pēfil‑

Gloss: ‘fold’
Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *pēfel‑
Descendant
- MLem peefil‑a

pēsk‑

Gloss: ‘fish’
Connotation
- Metonymy: message for sender
Ancestor: PLem *pēsk‑
Descendants
- OLem fxurm‑pēsk‑
- MLem peesk‑yr
- PWald *phḗskh‑as

pēthur‑

Gloss: ‘lark’
Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *pēthor‑
Descendant
- MLem peequr‑yr

pifh‑

Gloss: ‘move [intr.]’
Ancestor: PLem *pifh‑
Descendants
- OLem per‑pifh‑
- MLem pif‑a

pifī‑

Gloss: ‘swell’
Ancestor: PLem *pifī‑
Descendant
- MLem pifii‑yr

pilor‑

Gloss: ‘copper’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *pelor‑
Descendant
- MLem pilor‑yr

ping‑

Gloss: ‘five’
Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *pengwe
Irregularity: inflected form
Descendant
- MLem pin‑yl

pisk‑

Gloss: ‘crush’
Ancestor: PLem *pisk‑
Descendant
- MLem pisk‑a

pithxar‑

Gloss: ‘wing’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *pethxar‑
Descendant
- MLem piqxar‑yr

pī‑

Gloss: ‘sing’
Ancestor: PLem *pī‑
Descendant
- MLem pii‑a

pīp‑

Gloss: ‘poison’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *piwf‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem piip‑yr

pkueru‑

Gloss: ‘arrow’
Ancestor: PLem *pk‑ueru‑
Descendant
- MLem pkueru‑a

plethk‑

Gloss: ‘spread [of diseases, rumours]’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *plethx‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendants
- OLem plethk‑zhü‑
- MLem pleqk‑a

plethk‑zhü‑

Gloss: ‘rot, mould’
Constituents: OLem plethk‑ + zhü‑
Variant: compound
Descendant
- MLem pleqkcU‑yr

plēm‑

Gloss: ‘lung’
Ancestor: PLem *plēm‑
Descendant
- MLem pleem‑yr

pöz‑

Gloss: ‘foot’
Ancestor: PLem *pōz‑
Descendant
- MLem pOOz‑yr

prīn‑

Gloss: ‘please, be dear’
Ancestor: PLem *prīn‑
Descendant
- MLem priin‑yr

prö

Gloss: ‘in front of’
Ancestor: PLem *prō
Descendant
- MLem prOO

pruont‑

Gloss: ‘stag’
Ancestor: PLem *pruont‑
Descendant
- MLem pruont‑yr

prusank‑

Gloss: ‘snort, froth’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *prusanx‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem prusank‑a

ptah‑

Gloss: ‘duck [verb]’
Ancestor: PLem *ptah‑
Descendant
- MLem ptax‑a

ptank‑

Gloss: ‘fly’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *ptanx‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem ptank‑yr

ptarsk‑

Gloss: ‘sneeze’
Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *ptarsk‑
Descendant
- MLem ptarsk‑a

pylhmen‑

Gloss: ‘full’
Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *palhmen‑
Descendant
- MLem pylmen‑yr

pylkanh‑

Gloss: ‘cover, conceal > lock’
Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *palkanh‑
Descendant
- MLem pylk‑a

pyrzil‑

Gloss: ‘iron’
Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *parzil‑
Descendant
- MLem pyrzil‑yr

pyser‑

Gloss: ‘someone’s child, son’
Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *paser‑
Descendant
- MLem pyser‑yr

rentk‑

Gloss: ‘tackle confidently’
Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *rentk‑
Descendant
- MLem rentk‑a

rep‑

Gloss: ‘creep’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *ref‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- OLem rep‑konggh‑

rep‑konggh‑

Gloss: ‘tortoise’
Constituents: OLem rep‑ + konggh‑
Variant: compound
Descendants
- MLem repkongj‑ar
- PWald *rephkhóng‑as

ret‑

Gloss: ‘steer’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *reth‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendants
- MLem ret‑a
- PWald *réth‑o

rethk‑

Gloss: ‘meet’
Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *rethk‑
Descendant
- MLem reqk‑a

rös‑

Gloss: ‘dew’
Ancestor: PLem *rōs‑
Descendant
- MLem rOOs‑yr

runp‑

Gloss: ‘break, snap [intr.]’
Ancestor: PLem *runp‑
Descendant
- MLem runp‑a

sgwal‑

Gloss: ‘boat’
Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *sgwal‑
Descendants
- MLem sgwal‑yr
- PWald *sgvál‑a

sjei‑

Gloss: ‘sew’
Ancestor: PLem *sjēw‑
Descendant
- MLem sjei‑a

skarp‑

Gloss: ‘split, divide, break’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *skarf‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem skarp‑a

skçol‑

Gloss: ‘leisure, rest’
Ancestor: PLem *skçol‑
Descendant
- MLem skxol‑yr

skedhk‑

Gloss: ‘shard’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *skedhx‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem skevk‑yr

skeng‑

Gloss: ‘limp’
Ancestor: PLem *skeng‑
Descendant
- MLem skeng‑a

skerdz‑

Gloss: ‘prick, sting’
Ancestor: PLem *skerdz‑
Descendant
- MLem skerdz‑yr

skont‑

Gloss: ‘sparrow’
Connotation
- Melioration narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *skont‑
Descendant
- MLem skont‑yr

skylont‑

Gloss: ‘compartment’
Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *skalont‑
Descendant
- MLem skylont‑yr

slizh‑

Gloss: ‘butter’
Ancestor: PLem *slizh‑
Descendants
- MLem slic‑yr
- PWald *slíž‑a

slizhman‑

Gloss: ‘boundary stone’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *slezhman‑
Descendant
- MLem slicman‑yr

slizhpēfil‑

Gloss: ‘butterfly’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *slizh‑pēfel‑
Descendant
- MLem slicpeefil‑yr

smarsk‑

Gloss: ‘lend’
Ancestor: PLem *smarsk‑
Descendant
- MLem smarsk‑a

smer‑

Gloss: ‘grease, marrow’
Ancestor: PLem *smer‑
Descendant
- MLem smer‑yr

smēdh‑

Gloss: ‘smear’
Connotation
- Metonymy: message for sender
Ancestor: PLem *smēdh‑
Descendant
- MLem smeev‑a

snark‑

Gloss: ‘tie, tighten’
Ancestor: PLem *snark‑
Descendants
- MLem snark‑a
- PWald *snárkh‑o

snēthyr‑

Gloss: ‘adder’
Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *snēthar‑
Descendant
- MLem sneeq‑ar

sningw‑

Gloss: ‘snow’
Ancestor: PLem *sningw‑
Descendants
- MLem snengw‑yr
- PWald *sníngv‑a

snus‑

Gloss: ‘daughter-in-law’
Ancestor: PLem *snus‑
Descendant
- MLem snus‑yr

spalnp‑

Gloss: ‘disgrace’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *spalnf‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem spalnp‑a

sperdz‑

Gloss: ‘flee’
Ancestor: PLem *sperdz‑
Descendant
- MLem sperdz‑a

spnar‑

Gloss: ‘save’
Ancestor: PLem *spnar‑
Descendant
- MLem spnar‑a

sr‑

Gloss: ‘link, bind together’
Ancestor: PLem *sr‑
Descendant
- MLem sr‑a

srē‑

Gloss: ‘rot’
Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Metonymy: itself for act
- Melioration narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *tsrā‑
Descendant
- MLem sree‑a

srēn‑

Gloss: ‘drone (male bee or wasp)’
Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Melioration narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *tsrēn‑
Descendant
- MLem sreen‑yr

srimb‑

Gloss: ‘push’
Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Melioration narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *tsrimb‑
Descendant
- MLem srimb‑a

srī‑

Gloss: ‘drive’
Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Melioration narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *tsriw‑
Descendant
- MLem srii‑a

srumbw‑

Gloss: ‘few, little’
Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Melioration narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *tsrumbw‑
Descendant
- MLem srumbw‑yr

stalgr‑

Gloss: ‘hard’
Ancestor: PLem *stalgr‑
Descendant
- MLem stalgr‑yr

stayr‑

Gloss: ‘bull’
Ancestor: PLem *stawr‑
Descendant
- MLem stayr‑yr

stelg‑

Gloss: ‘protrude’
Ancestor: PLem *stelg‑
Descendant
- MLem stelg‑a

stētur‑

Gloss: ‘legend(ary warrior)’
Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *stewtor‑
Descendant
- MLem steetur‑ar

stinggh‑

Gloss: ‘go, climb’
Ancestor: PLem *stinggh‑
Descendant
- MLem stingj‑a

stöng‑

Gloss: ‘row’
Connotation
- Metonymy: place for place
Ancestor: PLem *stōng‑
Descendant
- MLem stOOng‑yr

swazw‑

Gloss: ‘glad’
Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
Ancestor: PLem *swazw‑
Descendant
- MLem swazw‑yr

swent‑

Gloss: ‘make believe’
Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *swent‑
Descendant
- MLem swent‑a

swesh‑

Gloss: ‘six’
Ancestor: PLem *sweshs
Irregularity: inflected form
Descendant
- MLem sweh‑yl

swidh‑

Gloss: ‘throw’
Ancestor: PLem *swidh‑
Descendant
- MLem swiv‑a

swilor‑

Gloss: ‘sulfur’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *swelor‑
Descendant
- MLem swilor‑yr

swisor‑

Gloss: ‘sibling’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *swesor‑
Descendant
- MLem swisor‑yr

swishur‑

Gloss: ‘son-in-law’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *sweshur‑
Descendant
- MLem swihur‑yr

swylhmen‑

Gloss: ‘mushroom’
Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *swalhmen‑
Descendant
- MLem swylmen‑yr

sxni‑

Gloss: ‘fetter, bind’
Ancestor: PLem *sxni‑
Descendant
- MLem sxne‑yr

sxun‑

Gloss: ‘sun’
Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *sxun‑
Descendant
- MLem sxun‑ar

shalg‑

Gloss: ‘be hindered’
Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
Ancestor: PLem *salg‑
Descendant
- MLem halg‑yr

shamk‑

Gloss: ‘hand’
Connotations
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *samx‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem camk‑yr

shand‑

Gloss: ‘win’
Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
Ancestor: PLem *sand‑
Descendant
- MLem can‑yr

shandz‑

Gloss: ‘cut, injure’
Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
Ancestor: PLem *sandz‑
Descendant
- MLem candz‑ar

shank‑

Gloss: ‘swim through’
Connotations
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *sanx‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem cank‑a

shark‑

Gloss: ‘gravel’
Ancestor: PWald *šárkh‑a
Descendant
- MLem hark‑yr

sharnk‑

Gloss: ‘clean, tidy’
Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
Ancestor: PLem *sarnk‑
Descendants
- MLem harnk‑a
- PWald *šárnkh‑as

sharw‑

Gloss: ‘work/go smoothly’
Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
Ancestor: PLem *sarw‑
Descendant
- MLem harw‑a

shēl‑

Gloss: ‘salt’
Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
Ancestor: PLem *sāl‑
Descendant
- MLem heel‑yr

shur‑

Gloss: ‘yelp’
Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
Ancestor: PLem *sur‑
Descendant
- MLem hur‑a

shü‑

Gloss: ‘pig’
Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
Ancestor: PLem *sū‑
Descendant
- MLem hU‑yr

shügjir‑

Gloss: ‘hedgehog’
Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
Ancestor: PLem *sū‑gjer‑
Descendant
- MLem hUgjir‑yr

shünw‑

Gloss: ‘(young) child’
Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
Ancestor: PLem *sūnw‑
Descendant
- MLem cUnw‑yr

t‑

Gloss: ‘this, that’
Ancestor: PLem *t‑
Descendant
- MLem t‑yr

taçj‑

Gloss: ‘dwelling’
Ancestor: PLem *taçj‑
Descendant
- MLem taxj‑yr

talnk‑

Gloss: ‘burden [tr.]’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *talnx‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem talnk‑a

talp‑

Gloss: ‘spacious’
Ancestor: PLem *talp‑
Descendant
- MLem talp‑yr

tamnh‑

Gloss: ‘cut’
Ancestor: PLem *tamnh‑
Descendant
- MLem tamn‑yr

tank‑

Gloss: ‘bony’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *tanx‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem tank‑yr

tarfk‑

Gloss: ‘wound’
Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *tarfk‑
Descendant
- MLem tarfk‑a

tarh‑

Gloss: ‘drill, rub’
Ancestor: PLem *tarh‑
Descendant
- MLem tar‑a

tarns‑

Gloss: ‘dry land, steppe’
Ancestor: PLem *tarns‑
Descendant
- MLem tarns‑yr

tart‑

Gloss: ‘ash’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *tars‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem tart‑yr

tek‑

Gloss: ‘take into one’s hand(s), grasp’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *tex‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem tek‑a

tethk‑

Gloss: ‘produce’
Ancestor: PLem *tethk‑
Descendant
- MLem teqk‑a

tēgh‑

Gloss: ‘touch’
Ancestor: PLem *tāɦ‑
Descendant
- MLem teeR‑a

tēh‑

Gloss: ‘seed, offspring’
Ancestor: PLem *tewh‑
Descendant
- MLem teex‑yr

tēt‑

Gloss: ‘people, tribe’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *tews‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem teet‑yr

tkamt‑

Gloss: ‘hundred’
Ancestor: PLem *tkamtom
Irregularity: inflected form
Descendant
- MLem tkam‑yl

tkisk‑

Gloss: ‘settle’
Ancestor: PLem *tkisk‑
Descendant
- MLem tkesk‑yr

tpolhj‑

Gloss: ‘fence’
Connotation
- Metonymy: content for container
Ancestor: PLem *tpolhj‑
Descendant
- MLem tpolj‑yr

tpu‑

Gloss: ‘warm, hot’
Ancestor: PLem *tpu‑
Descendant
- MLem tpu‑yr

trē‑

Gloss: ‘three’
Connotation
- Metonymy: message for sender
Ancestor: PLem *trē‑
Descendant
- MLem tree‑yl

troçk‑

Gloss: ‘gnaw to pieces’
Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *troçk‑
Descendant
- MLem troxk‑ar

tüpēsk‑

Gloss: ‘dolphin’
Ancestor: PLem *tū‑pēsk‑
Descendants
- MLem tUpeesk‑yr
- PWald *thuphḗskh‑as

txu‑

Gloss: ‘doubtful, indecisive’
Connotation
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *txu‑
Descendants
- OLem txu‑blu‑
- MLem txu‑ar

txu‑blu‑

Gloss: ‘cave’
Constituents: OLem txu‑ + blu‑
Variant: exocentric compound (bahuvrihi)
Descendant
- MLem txublu‑yr

txut‑

Gloss: ‘silent’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *txus‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem txut‑yr

thel‑

Gloss: ‘dwell on a land > farm’
Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
Ancestor: PLem *sel‑
Descendant
- MLem qel‑a

thelp‑

Gloss: ‘tar’
Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
Ancestor: PLem *selp‑
Descendants
- MLem qelp‑yr
- PWald *sélph‑a

them‑

Gloss: ‘group’
Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
Ancestor: PLem *sem‑
Descendant
- MLem qem‑yr

themxdz‑

Gloss: ‘(grain of) sand’
Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
Ancestor: PLem *semxdz‑
Descendant
- MLem qemxz‑yr

then

Gloss: ‘far (from)’
Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
Ancestor: PLem *sen

theng‑

Gloss: ‘hold, overpower’
Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
Ancestor: PLem *seng‑
Descendant
- MLem qeng‑a

thent‑

Gloss: ‘to smoke (also herbs)’
Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
Ancestor: PLem *sent‑
Descendant
- MLem qent‑a

thexk‑

Gloss: ‘fly, beat one’s wings’
Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Melioration narrowing
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
Ancestor: PLem *sexk‑
Descendant
- MLem qexk‑a

thēnd‑

Gloss: ‘order’
Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
Ancestor: PLem *sēnd‑
Descendant
- MLem qeend‑a

thift‑

Gloss: ‘seven’
Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
Ancestor: PLem *seftam
Irregularity: inflected form
Descendant
- MLem qif‑yl

thilpkon‑

Gloss: ‘soap’
Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
Ancestor: PLem *selp‑kon‑
Descendant
- EHell *silkón‑on

thisgw‑

Gloss: ‘think’
Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
Ancestor: PLem *sisgw‑
Descendant
- MLem qisgw‑a

thisn‑

Gloss: ‘winter’
Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
Ancestor: PLem *sisn‑
Descendant
- MLem qisn‑yr

uf

Gloss: ‘above’
Ancestor: PLem *ufer
Irregularity: shortened form
Descendants
- OLem uf‑palx‑
- MLem uf

ufo

Gloss: ‘below’
Ancestor: PLem *ufo

uf‑palx‑

Gloss: ‘sky’
Constituents: OLem uf + palx‑
Variant: compound
Descendant
- MLem ufpalx‑yr

umpk‑

Gloss: ‘understand’
Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *umpk‑
Descendant
- MLem umpk‑a

ür‑

Gloss: ‘right [direction]’
Connotation
- Metonymy: effect/purpose for cause/motive
Ancestor: PLem *ūr‑
Descendant
- MLem Ur‑yr

walg‑

Gloss: ‘blossom’
Connotation
- Pejorative narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *bwalg‑
Descendant
- MLem walg‑a

walgw‑

Gloss: ‘dog’
Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *walgw‑
Descendant
- MLem wagw‑yr

war‑

Gloss: ‘glossy brown’
Connotation
- Pejorative narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *bwar‑
Descendant
- MLem war‑yr

wardz‑

Gloss: ‘beard’
Connotation
- Pejorative narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *bwardz‑
Descendant
- MLem wardz‑yr

wargr‑

Gloss: ‘black’
Connotation
- Pejorative narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *bwargr‑
Descendant
- MLem wargr‑yr

warhk‑

Gloss: ‘shout’
Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *warhk‑

warkt‑

Gloss: ‘wait’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *warks‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem warkt‑a

warndzi‑

Gloss: ‘rice’
Ancestor: PWald *várnji‑s
Descendant
- MLem warndzi‑yr

welgj‑

Gloss: ‘swell’
Connotation
- Pejorative narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *bwelgj‑
Descendant
- MLem welgj‑a

wemb‑

Gloss: ‘weave’
Ancestor: PLem *wemb‑
Descendant
- MLem wemb‑a

wembrw‑

Gloss: ‘dam’
Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Pejorative narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *bwembrw‑
Descendant
- MLem wembrw‑yr

wer‑

Gloss: ‘carry, bear’
Connotation
- Pejorative narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *bwer‑
Descendants
- OLem per‑wer‑
- OLem wer‑mö‑
- MLem wer‑a

wergj‑

Gloss: ‘climb’
Connotation
- Pejorative narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *bwergj‑
Descendant
- MLem wergj‑a

werht‑

Gloss: ‘word’
Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *werht‑
Descendant
- MLem wert‑yr

wer‑mö‑

Gloss: ‘coat’
Constituents: OLem wer‑ + mö‑
Variant: compound
Descendant
- MLem wermOO‑yr

wē‑

Gloss: ‘heat, scorch’
Connotation
- Pejorative narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *bwē‑
Descendant
- OLem wē‑dap‑

wē

Gloss: ‘woe!’
Connotation
- Metonymy: itself for act
Ancestor: PLem *wā
Descendant
- MLem wee‑a

wē‑dap‑

Gloss: ‘bread’
Constituents: OLem wē‑ + dap‑
Variant: compound
Descendant
- MLem weedap‑yr

wēdhmyn‑

Gloss: ‘disembowel’
Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Pejorative narrowing
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *bwēdhman‑
Descendant
- MLem weevmyn‑a

wēgh‑

Gloss: ‘a nut tree’
Connotation
- Pejorative narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *bwāɦ‑
Descendants
- OLem wēgh‑dou‑
- MLem weeR‑yr

wēgh‑dou‑

Gloss: ‘branch’
Constituents: OLem wēgh‑ + dou‑
Variant: compound
Descendant
- MLem weeRdou‑yr

wēr‑

Gloss: ‘male’
Ancestor: PLem *wēr‑

wēshs‑

Gloss: ‘meteor’
Connotation
- Metonymy: message for sender
Ancestor: PLem *wēshs‑
Descendant
- MLem weehs‑yr

wimbr‑

Gloss: ‘create’
Connotation
- Pejorative narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *bwimbr‑
Descendant
- MLem wimbr‑a

wind‑

Gloss: ‘axe’
Connotation
- Pejorative narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *bwind‑
Descendant
- MLem wind‑a

wirftor‑

Gloss: ‘heat (human-made)’
Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *werftor‑
Descendant
- MLem wirftor‑yr

withk‑

Gloss: ‘sway’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *withx‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem wiqk‑a

wīb‑

Gloss: ‘weave a net; net’
Connotation
- Softening narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *wiwb‑
Descendant
- MLem wiib‑yr

wībsur‑

Gloss: ‘spider’
Connotations
- Softening narrowing
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *wiwb‑sor‑
Descendant
- MLem wiibsur‑yr

wīh‑

Gloss: ‘say’
Ancestor: PLem *wiwh‑
Descendant
- MLem wiix‑a

wīr‑

Gloss: ‘young, strong’
Ancestor: PLem *wīr‑
Descendants
- OLem wīr‑xaf‑
- MLem wiir‑yr

wīr‑xaf‑

Gloss: ‘swift stream or river’
Constituents: OLem wīr‑ + xaf‑
Variant: compound
Descendant
- MLem wiirxaf‑a

wogh‑

Gloss: ‘harm’
Connotation
- Pejorative narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *bwoɦ‑
Descendant
- MLem woR‑a

wronk‑

Gloss: ‘hand’
Ancestor: PLem *wronk‑
Descendant
- MLem wronk‑yr

wusar‑

Gloss: ‘spring’
Connotation
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *wosar‑
Descendant
- MLem wusar‑yr

wuzar‑

Gloss: ‘rain’
Connotation
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *wozar‑
Descendant
- MLem wuzar‑yr

wü‑

Gloss: ‘stubborn’
Connotations
- Metonymy: effect/purpose for cause/motive
- Pejorative narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *bwū‑
Descendant
- MLem wU‑yr

xaçs‑

Gloss: ‘axis, axle’
Ancestor: PLem *xaçs‑
Descendant
- MLem xaxs‑a

xaf‑

Gloss: ‘water, stream’
Ancestor: PLem *xaf‑
Descendants
- OLem wīr‑xaf‑
- OLem xaf‑xouj‑
- MLem xaf‑yr

xaf‑xouj‑

Gloss: ‘wetland, island’
Constituents: OLem xaf‑ + xouj‑
Variant: compound
Descendant
- MLem xafxouj‑yr

xak‑

Gloss: ‘sharpen (to a point)’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *xaç‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem xak‑yr

xalj‑

Gloss: ‘(an)other’
Ancestor: PLem *xalj‑
Descendant
- MLem xalj‑yr

xan‑

Gloss: ‘goose’
Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Melioration narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *kxan‑
Descendant
- MLem Ran‑yr

xandz‑

Gloss: ‘sprout, bloom’
Ancestor: PLem *xandz‑
Descendant
- MLem Randz‑a

xangwj‑

Gloss: ‘snake’
Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metonymy: content for container
Ancestor: PLem *xangwj‑
Descendant
- MLem Rangwj‑yr

xanh‑

Gloss: ‘breathe’
Ancestor: PLem *xanh‑

xanht‑

Gloss: ‘doorpost’
Ancestor: PLem *xanht‑
Descendant
- MLem Rant‑yr

xankt‑

Gloss: ‘force, compel’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *xanks‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem Rankt‑a

xanp‑

Gloss: ‘shame [tr.] > feel ashamed’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *xanf‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem Ranp‑a

xanxt‑

Gloss: ‘duck’
Ancestor: PLem *xanxt‑
Descendant
- MLem Ranxt‑yr

xargr‑

Gloss: ‘bright’
Ancestor: PLem *xargr‑
Descendant
- MLem xargr‑yr

xarp‑

Gloss: ‘hook’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *xarf‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem xarp‑yr

xartk‑

Gloss: ‘bear’
Ancestor: PLem *xartk‑
Descendant
- MLem xartk‑yr

xay

Gloss: ‘but, however’
Ancestor: PLem *xaw
Descendant
- MLem xay

xayj‑

Gloss: ‘bird’
Connotation
- Metonymy: content for container
Ancestor: PLem *xawj‑
Descendant
- MLem xayj‑yr

xayl‑

Gloss: ‘tube’
Ancestor: PLem *xawl‑
Descendant
- MLem xayl‑yr

xayöl‑

Gloss: ‘apple’
Ancestor: PLem *xawōl‑
Descendant
- MLem xayOOl‑yr

xēpöz‑

Gloss: ‘root’
Ancestor: PLem *xā‑pōz‑
Descendant
- MLem xeepOOz‑yr

xēr‑

Gloss: ‘get up, get to work’
Connotations
- Metonymy: itself for act
- Factive narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *xār‑
Descendant
- MLem xeer‑a

xēz‑

Gloss: ‘breathe’
Connotation
- Metonymy: itself for act
Ancestor: PLem *xāz‑
Descendant
- MLem xeez‑a

xing‑

Gloss: ‘move’
Ancestor: PLem *xing‑
Descendant
- MLem Reng‑a

xisk‑

Gloss: ‘search’
Ancestor: PLem *xisk‑
Descendant
- MLem xesk‑a

xīzh‑

Gloss: ‘drive’
Ancestor: PLem *xīzh‑
Descendant
- MLem xiic‑a

xmalg‑

Gloss: ‘milk’
Ancestor: PLem *xmalg‑
Descendant
- MLem xmalg‑a

xner‑

Gloss: ‘man’
Ancestor: PLem *xner‑
Descendants
- OLem dwa‑xner‑
- MLem xner‑yr

xouj‑

Gloss: ‘pasture’
Connotation
- Metonymy: content for container
Ancestor: PLem *xowj‑
Descendants
- OLem pal‑xouj‑
- OLem xaf‑xouj‑
- MLem xouj‑yr

xoujfust‑

Gloss: ‘rock’
Connotation
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *xowj‑fost‑
Descendant
- MLem xoujfust‑yr

xöü‑

Gloss: ‘ear’
Ancestor: PLem *xōw‑
Descendant
- MLem xOU‑a

xöüdrnu‑

Gloss: ‘hare’
Ancestor: PLem *xōw‑drnu‑
Descendant
- MLem xOUdrnu‑yr

xöüj‑

Gloss: ‘egg’
Ancestor: PLem *xōwj‑
Descendant
- MLem xOUj‑yr

xrem‑

Gloss: ‘wolf’
Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Melioration narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *kxrem‑
Descendant
- MLem xrem‑yr

xter‑

Gloss: ‘planet’
Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
Ancestor: PLem *xter‑
Descendants
- OLem xü‑xter‑
- MLem xter‑yr

xugh‑

Gloss: ‘come of age’
Ancestor: PLem *xuɦ‑
Descendant
- MLem xuR‑a

xuhont‑

Gloss: ‘wind’
Ancestor: PLem *xuhont‑
Descendant
- MLem xuxont‑ar

xuhsen‑

Gloss: ‘ox’
Ancestor: PLem *xuhsen‑
Descendant
- MLem xuxsen‑yr

xü‑

Gloss: ‘blow’
Ancestor: PLem *xū‑
Descendants
- OLem xü‑xter‑
- MLem xU‑a

xüēl‑

Gloss: ‘wool’
Ancestor: PLem *xuwēl‑
Descendant
- MLem xUeel‑yr

xü‑xter‑

Gloss: ‘comet’
Constituents: OLem xü‑ + xter‑
Variant: compound
Descendants
- MLem xUxter‑yr
- NLem xUxter‑a

xwyxü‑

Gloss: ‘mission, vocation’
Connotations
- Metonymy: effect/purpose for cause/motive
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *xwaxū‑
Descendant
- MLem xwyxU‑yr

xyçmon‑

Gloss: ‘stone’
Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *xaçmon‑
Descendant
- MLem xyxmon‑yr

xyföhw‑

Gloss: ‘evil’
Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *xafōhw‑
Descendant
- MLem xyfOOxw‑ar

xylis‑

Gloss: ‘alder’
Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *xalis‑
Descendant
- MLem xylis‑yr

xynar‑

Gloss: ‘shaman, seer, healer’
Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *xanar‑
Descendant
- MLem Rynar‑yr

xyndzont‑

Gloss: ‘plant, something growing’
Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *xandzont‑
Descendant
- MLem Ryndzont‑yr

xyrtksor‑

Gloss: ‘Bear-Lady’
Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
Ancestor: PLem *xartk‑sor‑
Descendants
- MLem xyrtksor‑yr
- NLem xyrtksor‑a

zarathushtr‑

Gloss: ‘Zarathustra’
Irregularity: from an Asian language
Descendant
- NLem zaraquhtr‑a

zd‑

Gloss: ‘sit’
Ancestor: PLem *zd‑
Descendants
- OLem duru‑zd‑
- MLem zd‑a

zgdank‑

Gloss: ‘bug, vermin’
Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
Ancestor: PLem *zgdanx‑
Variant: [stem of tense-carrier]
Descendant
- MLem zgdank‑yr

zömuxt‑

Gloss: ‘guide’
Irregularity: from the name of a mythological dwarf who gave guidance to the Prince in some versions of the <a href="../appendix/constell.php?c=rosebush#coinfo">Rosebush legend</a>, and acted as a counsellor of the Wise One in others
Descendant
- MLem zOOmuxt‑a

zhambr‑

Gloss: ‘negligible’
Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
Ancestor: PLem *dzambr‑
Descendant
- MLem cambr‑yr

zhambw‑

Gloss: ‘hurt’
Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
Ancestor: PLem *dzambw‑
Descendant
- MLem cambw‑a

zhanxw‑

Gloss: ‘dust’
Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
Ancestor: PLem *dzanxw‑
Descendant
- MLem canxw‑yr

zharggh‑

Gloss: ‘drag, pull’
Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
Ancestor: PLem *dzarggh‑
Descendant
- MLem cargj‑a

zharw‑

Gloss: ‘law’
Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
Ancestor: PLem *dzarw‑
Descendant
- MLem carw‑yr

zhö‑

Gloss: ‘awn’
Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
Ancestor: PLem *dzō‑
Descendant
- MLem cOO‑yr

zhöxēr‑

Gloss: ‘field’
Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
Ancestor: PLem *dzō‑xār‑
Descendant
- MLem cOOxe‑yr

zhung‑

Gloss: ‘be useful’
Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
Ancestor: PLem *dzung‑

zhü‑

Gloss: ‘make dirty’
Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
Ancestor: PLem *dzū‑
Descendants
- OLem plethk‑zhü‑
- MLem cU‑yr

zhür‑

Gloss: ‘underworld’
Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
Ancestor: PLem *dzuwr‑
Descendant
- MLem cUr‑yr

zhütir‑

Gloss: ‘mother, daughter?’
Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Pejorative narrowing
- Metonymy: effect/purpose for cause/motive
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
Ancestor: PLem *dzuɦter‑
Descendant
- MLem cUtir‑yr