Multilingual etymological dictionary

*apo

• Gloss: ‘from’
• Descendant
  • PLem *afo

*bel‑

• Gloss: ‘strong’
• Descendant
  • PLem *blu‑

*bʰárdʰ‑os

• Gloss: ‘beard’
• Descendants
  • PLem *bwardz‑
  • PWald *bhárdh‑as

*bʰébʰru‑s

• Gloss: ‘beaver’
• Ancestor: PIE *bʰreu̯‑
• Irregularity: reduplicated noun
• Descendants
  • PLem *bwembrw‑
  • PWald *bhébhru‑š

*bʰedʰh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘deafen’
• Descendant
  • PCelt *bodar‑ós

*bʰeh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘warm’
• Descendant
  • PLem *bwē‑

*bʰeh₂‑

• Gloss: ‘shine’
• Descendant
  • PLem *bwar‑

*bʰeh₂g‑ós

• Gloss: ‘beech’
• Descendants
  • PLem *bwāɦ‑
  • PWald *bhag‑ás

*bʰeh₃g‑

• Gloss: ‘roast, fry’
• Descendant
  • PLem *bwoɦ‑

*bʰei̯d‑

• Gloss: ‘split’
• Descendants
  • PIE *bʰéi̯d‑mn̥
  • PLem *bwind‑

*bʰéi̯d‑mn̥

• Gloss: ‘thing split’
• Ancestor: PIE *bʰei̯d‑
• Variant: neuter abstract -mn̥-noun
• Descendant
  • PLem *bwēdhman‑

*bʰei̯h₂‑

• Gloss: ‘come to fear’
• Descendant
  • PLem *bwembī‑

*bʰelg̑ʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘swell’
• Descendant
  • PLem *bwelgj‑

*bʰer‑

• Gloss: ‘carry, bear’
• Descendants
  • PIE *bʰér‑mn̥
  • PLem *bwer‑
  • PLem *bwimbr‑
  • EHell *phér‑ō
  • PWald *bhér‑o

*bʰerg̑‑

• Gloss: ‘roast’
• Descendant
  • PLem *bwargr‑

*bʰerg̑ʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘rise’
• Descendants
  • PIE *bʰérg̑ʰ‑ont‑s
  • PLem *bwergj‑
  • EHell *púrg‑os

*bʰérg̑ʰ‑ont‑s

• Gloss: ‘high’
• Ancestor: PIE *bʰerg̑ʰ‑
• Irregularity: nt-stem adjective
• Descendant
  • PIE *bʰr̥g̑ʰént‑ih₂

*bʰér‑mn̥

• Gloss: ‘burden’
• Ancestor: PIE *bʰer‑
• Variant: neuter abstract -mn̥-noun
• Descendant
  • PWald *bhérmi

*bʰleg‑

• Gloss: ‘shine, gleam’
• Descendant
  • PLem *bwalg‑

*bʰleh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘shine, flash’
• Descendant
  • PLem *pfler‑

*bʰleh₃‑

• Gloss: ‘flower, bloom’
• Descendants
  • PIE *bʰléh₃‑s
  • PLem *pflor‑

*bʰléh₃‑s

• Gloss: ‘flower, blossom’
• Ancestor: PIE *bʰleh₃‑
• Irregularity: nominalisation
• Descendant
  • PWald *bhró‑s

*bʰréh₂ter‑s

• Gloss: ‘brother’
• Descendants
  • PLem *pfrā‑
  • PLem *pfrāser‑
  • PWald *bhráthē

*bʰremh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘be unsteady, restless’
• Descendant
  • PLem *pfrēm‑

*bʰrenk‑

• Gloss: ‘swell’
• Descendant
  • PLem *pfrenk‑

*bʰreu̯‑

• Gloss: ‘brown’
• Descendants
  • PIE *bʰébʰru‑s
  • PLem *pfrur‑

*bʰrúh₁‑eh₂

• Gloss: ‘brow’
• Descendants
  • PLem *pfruh‑
  • PWald *bhrú‑a

*bʰr̥g̑ʰént‑ih₂

• Gloss: ‘the High One (Goddess of art)’
• Ancestor: PIE *bʰérg̑ʰ‑ont‑s
• Variant: feminine
• Descendants
  • PLem *bwargjent‑
  • PCelt *brigant‑ī

*bʰúg̑‑s

• Gloss: ‘buck, he-goat’
• Descendants
  • PLem *bwū‑
  • PWald *bhúš‑š

*de

• Gloss: ‘and [connecting sentences]’
• Descendants
  • EHell *de
  • PWald *de

*deh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘bind’
• Descendants
  • PIE *didh₁‑mh̥₁n‑ós
  • PLem *didhh‑
  • EHell *dé‑ō

*deh₂‑

• Gloss: ‘split’
• Descendant
  • PLem *txu‑

*deh₂p‑

• Gloss: ‘split up’
• Descendant
  • PLem *daf‑

*deh₃‑

• Gloss: ‘give’
• Descendants
  • PIE *déh₃‑mn̥
  • PLem *dō‑

*déh₃‑mn̥

• Gloss: ‘gift’
• Ancestor: PIE *deh₃‑
• Variant: neuter abstract -mn̥-noun
• Descendants
  • PIE *h₁su‑déh₃mn̥
  • PLem *dōman‑

*dei̯h₂‑

• Gloss: ‘light up’
• Descendant
  • PIE *déi̯h₂‑tor‑s

*déi̯h₂‑tor‑s

• Gloss: ‘light-giver’
• Ancestor: PIE *dei̯h₂‑
• Variant: object heteroclitic noun
• Descendant
  • PLem *dēthor‑

*dék̑m̥t

• Gloss: ‘ten’
• Descendant
  • PLem *deshamt

*dek̑s‑

• Gloss: ‘be capable, be suitable’
• Descendant
  • PLem *daçs‑

*dekʷs‑

• Gloss: ‘show’
• Descendant
  • PLem *dems‑

*delh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘hew, split’
• Descendants
  • PIE *délh₁‑u̯‑eh₂
  • PLem *dalh‑

*délh₁‑u̯‑eh₂

• Gloss: ‘figure, form, image’
• Ancestor: PIE *delh₁‑
• Irregularity: %0008-stem noun
• Descendant
  • PCelt *délw‑ā

*demh₂‑

• Gloss: ‘build’
• Descendants
  • PIE *dómh₂‑s
  • PLem *damx‑

*dens‑

• Gloss: ‘become adept’
• Descendant
  • PLem *dans‑

*deu̯k‑

• Gloss: ‘pull’
• Descendant
  • PLem *duh‑

*didh₁‑mh̥₁n‑ós

• Gloss: ‘bound’
• Ancestor: PIE *deh₁‑
• Variant: i-reduplicated athematic present mediopassive participle

*di̯ḗu‑s

• Gloss: ‘sky’
• Descendants
  • PLem *djēw‑
  • PWald *dhḗu‑š

*dk̑m̥tóm

• Gloss: ‘hundred’
• Descendants
  • PLem *tkamtom
  • PWald *žimthá

*dléu̯k‑

• Gloss: ‘sweet’
• Descendant
  • PLem *dluhw‑

*dn̥g̑ʰu̯éh₂‑s

• Gloss: ‘tongue’
• Descendant
  • PLem *dangwā‑

*dómh₂‑s

• Gloss: ‘house’
• Ancestor: PIE *demh₂‑
• Irregularity: root noun
• Descendants
  • EHell *dõ
  • PWald *dám‑s

*dóru

• Gloss: ‘tree, wood (material)’
• Descendants
  • PIE *dóru‑l‑om
  • PLem *doru‑
  • EHell *dóru
  • PWald *dáru

*dóru‑l‑om

• Gloss: ‘small tree’
• Ancestor: PIE *dóru
• Variant: diminutive
• Descendant
  • PLem *dorul‑

*dóu̯‑s

• Gloss: ‘arm’
• Descendants
  • PLem *dow‑
  • PWald *dṓ

*dregʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘hold (fast)’
• Descendants
  • PIE *dr̥gʰ‑tér‑s
  • PLem *darnggh‑

*drep‑

• Gloss: ‘cut, tear (off)’
• Descendant
  • PLem *dref‑

*dreu̯‑

• Gloss: ‘run’
• Descendants
  • PLem *darw‑
  • PLem *drnu‑

*dr̥gʰ‑tér‑s

• Gloss: ‘holder (?)’
• Ancestor: PIE *dregʰ‑
• Variant: event agent
• Descendant
  • PLem *darkter‑

*du̯i‑

• Gloss: ‘two-’
• Ancestor: PIE *du̯óh₁
• Irregularity: prefix form
• Descendant
  • PLem *dwi‑

*du̯is

• Gloss: ‘twice’
• Ancestor: PIE *du̯óh₁
• Irregularity: multiplicative
• Descendant
  • EHell *dwis

*du̯óh₁

• Gloss: ‘two’
• Descendants
  • PIE *du̯is
  • PIE *du̯i‑
  • PLem *dwō
  • PWald *dvó

*dʰebʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘reduce’
• Descendant
  • PLem *dzambr‑

*dʰég̑ʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘?’
• Descendants
  • PIE *dʰég̑ʰ‑om‑s
  • PLem *dzeng‑

*dʰég̑ʰ‑om‑s

• Gloss: ‘earth’
• Ancestor: PIE *dʰég̑ʰ‑
• Irregularity: m-stem noun
• Descendants
  • PLem *dzengom‑
  • PWald *dhéǰo

*dʰegʷʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘burn [tr.]’
• Descendant
  • PLem *dzengw‑

*dʰeh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘put, make’
• Descendants
  • PIE *dʰh̥₁‑mel‑óm
  • PIE *dʰh̥₁sk̑‑ónt‑s
  • PIE *sen‑dʰh₁‑
  • PIE *su̯e‑dʰh₁‑
  • PLem *dzesk‑

*dʰei̯g̑ʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘knead, form’
• Descendant
  • PLem *dzing‑

*dʰei̯h₁‑

• Gloss: ‘set one’s eyes on’
• Descendant
  • PLem *dzī‑

*dʰembʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘hit, smash (?)’
• Descendant
  • PLem *dzambw‑

*dʰembʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘be astonished’
• Descendant
  • PLem *dzembw‑

*dʰenh₂‑

• Gloss: ‘slip away’
• Descendants
  • PLem *dzanxw‑
  • PCelt *danouy‑ós

*dʰer‑

• Gloss: ‘fasten, fix’
• Descendant
  • PLem *dzer‑

*dʰeu̯b‑

• Gloss: ‘deep’
• Descendant
  • PLem *dzuwr‑

*dʰeu̯gʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘hit, produce something useful’
• Descendants
  • PLem *dzung‑
  • EHell *túkh‑ā

*dʰh̥₁‑mel‑óm

• Gloss: ‘fundament, family, household’
• Ancestor: PIE *dʰeh₁‑
• Irregularity: derivation
• Descendant
  • PWald *dhmel‑á

*dʰh̥₁sk̑‑ónt‑s

• Gloss: ‘putting, making’
• Ancestor: PIE *dʰeh₁‑
• Variant: sk̑é-present active participle
• Descendant
  • PLem *dzeskont‑

*dʰi̯eh₂‑

• Gloss: ‘notice’
• Descendants
  • PIE *dʰi̯éh₂‑mn̥
  • PLem *djā‑

*dʰi̯éh₂‑mn̥

• Gloss: ‘sign’
• Ancestor: PIE *dʰi̯eh₂‑
• Variant: neuter abstract -mn̥-noun
• Descendants
  • PLem *djāman‑
  • EHell *thyā́mn̥
  • PWald *dhámi

*dʰóh₁n‑eh₂

• Gloss: ‘grain, seed’
• Descendants
  • PLem *dzō‑
  • PWald *dhón‑a

*dʰregʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘drag, pull’
• Descendant
  • PLem *dzarggh‑

*dʰréh₂g̑‑om

• Gloss: ‘berry’
• Descendants
  • PLem *tsrā‑
  • PWald *dhráj‑a

*dʰrei̯bʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘drive’
• Descendants
  • PLem *tsriw‑
  • PLem *tsrimb‑

*dʰreu̯‑

• Gloss: ‘cry, announce’
• Descendant
  • PLem *dzarw‑

*dʰreu̯bʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘break [intr.], crumble’
• Descendant
  • PLem *tsrumbw‑

*dʰrḗn‑s

• Gloss: ‘drone (male bee or wasp)’
• Descendants
  • PLem *tsrēn‑
  • PWald *dhrḗ

*dʰugh₂tér‑s

• Gloss: ‘daughter’
• Descendants
  • PLem *dzuɦter‑
  • PWald *dhugthḗ

*dʰu̯eh₂‑

• Gloss: ‘smoke’
• Descendant
  • PLem *dzū‑

*dʰu̯ens‑

• Gloss: ‘crumble, dissipate’
• Descendant
  • PLem *dwans‑

*dʰu̯ór‑s

• Gloss: ‘door’
• Descendants
  • PLem *dwor‑
  • PWald *dhvó

*eh₃

• Gloss: ‘oh!’
• Descendant
  • PLem *ō

*g̑ar‑

• Gloss: ‘sound, call’
• Descendants
  • PIE *g̑r̥‑tér‑s
  • PLem *gar‑

*g̑enh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘produce, beget’
• Descendants
  • PIE *g̑énh₁‑mn̥
  • PLem *gizhanh‑

*g̑énh₁‑mn̥

• Gloss: ‘offspring, seed’
• Ancestor: PIE *g̑enh₁‑
• Variant: neuter abstract -mn̥-noun
• Descendant
  • PLem *genhman‑

*g̑erh₂‑

• Gloss: ‘make/grow(?) old, mature’
• Descendants
  • PIE *g̑r̥h₂‑n‑óm
  • PLem *gēr‑

*g̑ónu

• Gloss: ‘knee’
• Descendants
  • PLem *gonu‑
  • EHell *gónu
  • PWald *jánu

*g̑r̥h₂‑n‑óm

• Gloss: ‘grain’
• Ancestor: PIE *g̑erh₂‑
• Irregularity: n-stem noun
• Descendants
  • PLem *garxn‑
  • PWald *jarn‑á

*g̑r̥‑tér‑s

• Gloss: ‘rooster’
• Ancestor: PIE *g̑ar‑
• Variant: event agent
• Descendants
  • PLem *garter‑
  • PWald *jarthḗ

*g̑u̯elh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘burn, blaze’
• Descendants
  • PIE *g̑u̯élh₁‑os
  • PLem *gwalh‑

*g̑u̯élh₁‑os

• Gloss: ‘coal’
• Ancestor: PIE *g̑u̯elh₁‑
• Variant: zero-affix noun
• Descendants
  • PLem *gwēl‑
  • PWald *jvö́l‑as

*g̑ʰégʰug̑ʰ‑eh₂

• Gloss: ‘cuckoo’
• Irregularity: probably onomatopoetic
• Descendants
  • PLem *gjengung‑
  • PWald *ǰéihuǰ‑a

*g̑ʰeh₁i̯‑

• Gloss: ‘open one’s mouth, yawn’
• Descendant
  • PLem *gjenj‑

*g̑ʰei̯gʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘pant, crave’
• Descendant
  • PLem *gjinggh‑

*g̑ʰéi̯om‑s

• Gloss: ‘winter’
• Descendants
  • PLem *gjēom‑
  • PWald *ǰého

*g̑ʰér‑s

• Gloss: ‘hedgehog’
• Descendant
  • PLem *gjer‑

*g̑ʰes‑

• Gloss: ‘grip’
• Descendants
  • PIE *g̑ʰés‑l‑os
  • PIE *g̑ʰés‑or‑s

*g̑ʰés‑l‑os

• Gloss: ‘lit. a hand full (of corn?)’
• Ancestor: PIE *g̑ʰes‑
• Irregularity: l-stem noun
• Descendant
  • PLem *gjesl‑

*g̑ʰés‑or‑s

• Gloss: ‘hand’
• Ancestor: PIE *g̑ʰes‑
• Variant: non-event agent
• Descendants
  • PLem *gjesor‑
  • EHell *kheī́r

*g̑ʰh₂én‑ō‑s

• Gloss: ‘gosling’
• Ancestor: PIE *g̑ʰh₂én‑s
• Irregularity: internal derivation
• Descendant
  • PLem *kxanō‑

*g̑ʰh₂én‑s

• Gloss: ‘goose’
• Descendants
  • PIE *g̑ʰh₂én‑ō‑s
  • PLem *kxan‑
  • PWald *ǰá

*g̑ʰneu̯‑

• Gloss: ‘be ashamed’
• Descendant
  • PLem *gjanw‑

*g̑ʰu̯er‑

• Gloss: ‘go crookedly’
• Descendant
  • PIE *g̑ʰu̯ér‑s

*g̑ʰu̯ér‑s

• Gloss: ‘wild beast’
• Ancestor: PIE *g̑ʰu̯er‑
• Irregularity: root noun
• Descendants
  • PLem *gjuwer‑
  • EHell *thḗr
  • PWald *ǰuvḗ

*gem‑

• Gloss: ‘seize, grab’
• Descendant
  • EHell *gém‑ō

*gerbʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘carve, notch’
• Descendants
  • PLem *garbw‑
  • EHell *gráph‑ō

*geu̯h₂‑

• Gloss: ‘call’
• Descendants
  • PIE *géu̯h₂‑mn̥
  • PIE *guh₂‑mh̥₁n‑ós

*géu̯h₂‑mn̥

• Gloss: ‘call [noun]’
• Ancestor: PIE *geu̯h₂‑
• Variant: neuter abstract -mn̥-noun
• Descendant
  • PLem *gewxman‑

*góu̯h₁‑ri̯‑os

• Gloss: ‘something round, bent?’
• Descendants
  • PLem *gowhrj‑
  • PCelt *góury‑os

*guh₂‑mh̥₁n‑ós

• Gloss: ‘called’
• Ancestor: PIE *geu̯h₂‑
• Variant: root present mediopassive participle
• Descendant
  • PLem *gūmen‑

*gʰed‑

• Gloss: ‘take, seize’
• Descendants
  • PIE *gʰód‑u̯‑eh₂
  • PLem *gghand‑

*gʰeh₁b‑

• Gloss: ‘grab, take’
• Descendants
  • PIE *gʰh̥́₁b‑l‑eh₂
  • PLem *gghenb‑

*gʰeu̯g̑ʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘hide’
• Descendant
  • PLem *gghewg‑

*gʰh̥́₁b‑l‑eh₂

• Gloss: ‘a farming tool’
• Ancestor: PIE *gʰeh₁b‑
• Irregularity: instrumental noun
• Descendant
  • PCelt *gábl‑ā

*gʰód‑u̯‑eh₂

• Gloss: ‘way, road’
• Ancestor: PIE *gʰed‑
• Irregularity: %0008-stem noun
• Descendants
  • PLem *gghozw‑
  • PWald *ghádv‑o

*gʰósth₂i‑s

• Gloss: ‘stranger, foreigner’
• Descendants
  • PLem *gghostxj‑
  • EHell *khósti‑s

*gʰrei̯‑

• Gloss: ‘paint, anoint’
• Descendant
  • PLem *ggharj‑

*gʰrem‑

• Gloss: ‘resound, rage’
• Descendant
  • PLem *kxrem‑

*gʷélbʰu‑s

• Gloss: ‘womb’
• Descendants
  • PIE *sm̥‑gʷelbʰ‑ós
  • PLem *gwelbw‑
  • PWald *gö́lbhu‑š

*gʷelh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘hit, throw’
• Descendants
  • PIE *gʷélh₁‑os
  • PLem *gwalnh‑
  • EHell *q̌ĺ̥l‑ō

*gʷélh₁‑os

• Gloss: ‘missile, arrow’
• Ancestor: PIE *gʷelh₁‑
• Variant: zero-affix noun
• Descendants
  • EHell *q̌él‑os
  • PWald *gö́l‑as

*gʷelh₃‑

• Gloss: ‘wish, want’
• Descendants
  • PLem *gwalnf‑
  • EHell *q̌ólno‑mai

*gʷén‑eh₂

• Gloss: ‘woman’
• Descendants
  • PLem *gwen‑
  • PWald *gö́n‑a
  • PCelt *bén‑ā

*gʷéru

• Gloss: ‘skewer, spear’
• Descendants
  • PLem *gweru‑
  • PWald *gö́ru

*gʷi̯eh₃‑

• Gloss: ‘live’
• Descendant
  • PLem *gwī‑

*gʷóu̯‑s

• Gloss: ‘cow’
• Descendants
  • PLem *gwow‑
  • PWald *gṓ

*gʷreh₂‑

• Gloss: ‘heavy’
• Descendant
  • PLem *kfrar‑

*gʷʰedʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘wish, ask for’
• Descendant
  • PLem *gz‑

*gʷʰer‑

• Gloss: ‘get warm’
• Descendants
  • PIE *gʷʰer‑m‑ós
  • PLem *gmru‑

*gʷʰer‑m‑ós

• Gloss: ‘warm’
• Ancestor: PIE *gʷʰer‑
• Irregularity: m-stem noun
• Descendant
  • EHell *qherm‑ós

*h₁ed‑

• Gloss: ‘eat’
• Descendants
  • PIE *h₁éd‑ti‑s
  • PIE *h̥₁d‑ónt‑s
  • PLem *eths‑
  • PLem *hedh‑

*h₁éd‑ti‑s

• Gloss: ‘banquet’
• Ancestor: PIE *h₁ed‑
• Irregularity: abstract noun
• Descendant
  • PLem *hethdj‑

*h₁edʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘say’
• Descendant
  • PLem *hēnd‑

*h₁eg̑óh₂

• Gloss: ‘I’
• Descendants
  • PLem *hezhō
  • EHell *egṓ

*h₁ég̑ʰi‑s

• Gloss: ‘hedgehog’
• Descendants
  • PLem *hengj‑
  • PWald *éǰi‑š

*h₁egʷʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘drink’
• Descendant
  • PLem *hēngw‑

*h₁eh₂

• Gloss: ‘ha!’
• Descendant
  • PLem *hā

*h₁ei̯‑

• Gloss: ‘move, go’
• Descendant
  • PLem *j‑

*h₁ei̯

• Gloss: ‘he, she, it’
• Descendants
  • PIE *h₁ói̯‑n‑os
  • PLem *hē

*h₁ék̑u̯‑os

• Gloss: ‘horse’
• Descendants
  • PLem *heshw‑
  • EHell *híqq‑os
  • PWald *éžv‑as

*h₁élem

• Gloss: ‘mountain elm’
• Descendants
  • PLem *helem‑
  • PWald *éle
  • PCelt *lim‑os

*h₁em‑

• Gloss: ‘take’
• Descendant
  • PLem *hem‑

*h₁en

• Gloss: ‘in’
• Descendants
  • PLem *hen
  • EHell *en
  • PWald *e

*h₁epi

• Gloss: ‘upon, near’
• Descendants
  • PLem *hefi
  • PWald *ephi

*h₁er‑

• Gloss: ‘get somewhere, end up somewhere’
• Descendant
  • PLem *harsk‑

*h₁ers‑

• Gloss: ‘flow’
• Descendant
  • PLem *hars‑

*h₁ésh₂r̥

• Gloss: ‘(flowing) blood’
• Descendants
  • PLem *hesxar‑
  • PWald *ési

*h₁eu̯k‑

• Gloss: ‘get used to, learn’
• Descendant
  • PLem *huh‑

*h₁i̯énh₂ter‑s

• Gloss: ‘husband’s brother’s wife’
• Descendant
  • PLem *jenxter‑

*h₁lengʷʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘move effortlessly’
• Descendants
  • PLem *hlangmr‑
  • PLem *hlangw‑

*h₁néu̯n̥

• Gloss: ‘nine’
• Descendants
  • PLem *hnewan
  • PWald *névi

*h₁nómn̥

• Gloss: ‘name’
• Descendants
  • PLem *hnoman‑
  • PWald *námi

*h₁n̥gʷní‑s

• Gloss: ‘fire [animate]’
• Descendants
  • PLem *hangwnj‑
  • PWald *ingní‑š

*h₁ógʷʰi‑s

• Gloss: ‘snake, serpent, dragon’
• Descendants
  • EHell *óqhi‑s
  • PWald *ághi‑š

*h₁ói̯‑n‑os

• Gloss: ‘one, single’
• Ancestor: PIE *h₁ei̯
• Irregularity: adjectival form
• Descendant
  • PLem *hōn‑

*h₁ól‑os

• Gloss: ‘awl’
• Descendants
  • PLem *hol‑
  • PWald *ál‑as

*h₁órs‑os

• Gloss: ‘buttocks’
• Descendants
  • PLem *hōr‑
  • PWald *árš‑as

*h₁ṓm‑s

• Gloss: ‘shoulder’
• Descendant
  • PLem *hōm‑

*h₁regʷ‑

• Gloss: ‘dark’
• Descendant
  • PLem *hargw‑

*h₁reh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘ask’
• Descendant
  • PLem *hrē‑

*h₁rei̯k̑‑

• Gloss: ‘tear, break [intr.]’
• Descendant
  • PLem *hrink‑

*h₁rek̑s‑

• Gloss: ‘damage, harm’
• Descendant
  • PLem *harkans‑

*h₁res‑

• Gloss: ‘?’
• Descendant
  • PIE *h₁ŕ̥s‑en‑s

*h₁reu̯dʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘red’
• Descendants
  • PIE *h₁réu̯dʰ‑mn̥
  • PLem *hrundr‑
  • PWald *rudhr‑ás

*h₁réu̯dʰ‑mn̥

• Gloss: ‘something red, red stuff?’
• Ancestor: PIE *h₁reu̯dʰ‑
• Variant: neuter abstract -mn̥-noun
• Descendant
  • PLem *hrewdman‑

*h₁ŕ̥s‑en‑s

• Gloss: ‘male’
• Ancestor: PIE *h₁res‑
• Irregularity: n-stem noun
• Descendants
  • PLem *harsen‑
  • PWald *íršē

*h₁su‑

• Gloss: ‘good-’
• Ancestor: PIE *h₁u̯es‑
• Irregularity: metathesis, prefix form
• Descendant
  • PIE *h₁su‑déh₃mn̥

*h₁su‑déh₃mn̥

• Gloss: ‘good gift’
• Constituents: PIE *h₁su‑ + *déh₃‑mn̥
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • PLem *hsuzōman‑

*h₁u̯egʷʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘speak solemnly’
• Descendant
  • PLem *hwehung‑

*h₁u̯erh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘wide, broad’
• Descendant
  • PLem *hwarhw‑

*h₁u̯es‑

• Gloss: ‘good’
• Descendants
  • PIE *h₁su‑
  • PLem *husw‑

*h̥₁d‑ónt‑s

• Gloss: ‘tooth’
• Ancestor: PIE *h₁ed‑
• Variant: Narten present active participle
• Descendants
  • PLem *edhont‑
  • PWald *dánth‑s

*h₂ébōl

• Gloss: ‘apple’
• Descendants
  • PLem *xawōl‑
  • PWald *áuo

*h₂eg̑‑

• Gloss: ‘drive’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xīzh‑

*h₂ég̑r‑os

• Gloss: ‘field, pasture land’
• Descendants
  • PLem *xār‑
  • PWald *ájr‑as

*h₂egʷn‑ós

• Gloss: ‘lamb’
• Descendants
  • EHell *aq̌n‑ós
  • PWald *agn‑ás
  • PCelt *abn‑ós

*h₂ei̯d‑

• Gloss: ‘swell’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xāz‑

*h₂éi̯g̑‑s

• Gloss: ‘oak’
• Descendants
  • PLem *xā‑
  • PWald *ā́š‑š

*h₂ei̯g‑

• Gloss: ‘move (violently?)’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xing‑

*h₂éi̯r̥

• Gloss: ‘day, morning’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xār‑

*h₂ei̯s‑

• Gloss: ‘search’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xisk‑

*h₂ek̑‑

• Gloss: ‘be sharp’
• Descendants
  • PIE *h₂ék̑‑mon‑s
  • PLem *xaç‑
  • EHell *ákr‑os

*h₂ék̑‑mon‑s

• Gloss: ‘stone’
• Ancestor: PIE *h₂ek̑‑
• Irregularity: agent noun
• Descendants
  • PLem *xaçmon‑
  • EHell *ákmōn

*h₂ék̑s‑os

• Gloss: ‘axis, axle’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xaçs‑

*h₂el‑

• Gloss: ‘nourish, foster’
• Descendant
  • PLem *al‑

*h₂elbʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘white’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xalbw‑

*h₂élis‑eh₂

• Gloss: ‘alder’
• Descendants
  • PLem *xalis‑
  • PCelt *ális‑ā

*h₂éli̯‑os

• Gloss: ‘(an)other’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xalj‑

*h₂endʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘sprout, bloom’
• Descendants
  • PIE *h₂n̥dʰ‑ónt‑s
  • PLem *xandz‑

*h₂éngʷʰi‑s

• Gloss: ‘snake’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xangwj‑

*h₂enh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘breathe’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xanh‑

*h₂énh₂t‑s

• Gloss: ‘duck’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xanxt‑

*h₂énr̥

• Gloss: ‘inspiration, intuition’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xanar‑

*h₂époh₃kʷ‑os

• Gloss: ‘inverted, wicked’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xafōhw‑

*h₂ép‑s

• Gloss: ‘water [animate], stream’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xaf‑

*h₂erg̑‑

• Gloss: ‘white, bright, fast’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xargr‑

*h₂erh₃‑

• Gloss: ‘plough’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xarf‑

*h₂eu̯

• Gloss: ‘but, however’
• Descendants
  • PLem *xaw
  • EHell *au

*h₂eu̯g‑

• Gloss: ‘strong’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xuɦ‑

*h₂éu̯i‑s

• Gloss: ‘bird’
• Descendants
  • PIE *h₂ōu̯i̯‑óm
  • PLem *xawj‑

*h₂éu̯l‑os

• Gloss: ‘tube’
• Descendants
  • PLem *xawl‑
  • EHell *aul‑ós
  • PWald *ṓl‑as

*h₂melg̑‑

• Gloss: ‘milk’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xmalg‑

*h₂neh₃‑

• Gloss: ‘rebuke’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xanf‑

*h₂nek̑‑

• Gloss: ‘reach’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xanks‑

*h₂nér‑s

• Gloss: ‘man’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xner‑

*h₂n̥dʰ‑ónt‑s

• Gloss: ‘sprouting, blooming’
• Ancestor: PIE *h₂endʰ‑
• Variant: root present active participle
• Descendant
  • PLem *xandzont‑

*h₂ń̥h₁t‑eh₂

• Gloss: ‘doorpost’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xanht‑

*h₂óu̯i‑s

• Gloss: ‘sheep’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xowj‑

*h₂ōu̯i̯‑óm

• Gloss: ‘egg’
• Ancestor: PIE *h₂éu̯i‑s
• Irregularity: vriddhi derivative
• Descendant
  • PLem *xōwj‑

*h₂ṓu̯s

• Gloss: ‘ear’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xōw‑

*h₂ŕ̥tk̑‑os

• Gloss: ‘bear’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xartk‑

*h₂stér‑s

• Gloss: ‘star’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xter‑

*h₂uh₁‑ónt‑s

• Gloss: ‘wind’
• Ancestor: PIE *h₂u̯eh₁‑
• Variant: root present active participle
• Descendant
  • PLem *xuhont‑

*h₂uksén‑s

• Gloss: ‘ox’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xuhsen‑

*h₂u̯eh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘blow’
• Descendants
  • PIE *h₂uh₁‑ónt‑s
  • PIE *h₂u̯éh₁‑r
  • PLem *xū‑

*h₂u̯éh₁‑r

• Gloss: ‘air, wind’
• Ancestor: PIE *h₂u̯eh₁‑
• Variant: non-event agent
• Descendant
  • EHell *awḗr

*h₂u̯ei̯‑

• Gloss: ‘run’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xwaxū‑

*h₂u̯élh₁‑s

• Gloss: ‘wool’
• Descendant
  • PLem *xuwēl‑

*h̥́₂pis‑om

• Gloss: ‘pear’
• Descendant
  • PLem *afis‑

*h₃eg‑

• Gloss: ‘?’
• Descendant
  • PLem *foɦ‑

*h₃eh₁k̑‑

• Gloss: ‘be fast’
• Descendant
  • PLem *fesh‑

*h₃ei̯g̑ʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘desire’
• Descendant
  • PLem *fifing‑

*h₃ekʷ‑

• Gloss: ‘see’
• Descendant
  • PIE *h̥₃kʷ‑ónt‑s

*h₃ep‑

• Gloss: ‘make, produce’
• Descendant
  • PLem *fof‑

*h₃er‑

• Gloss: ‘stir, rise’
• Descendants
  • PIE *h₃ér‑or‑s
  • PLem *fīr‑

*h₃éron‑s

• Gloss: ‘eagle’
• Descendant
  • PLem *foron‑

*h₃ér‑or‑s

• Gloss: ‘tree?’
• Ancestor: PIE *h₃er‑
• Variant: r-stem noun
• Descendant
  • PLem *foror‑

*h₃ésth₁

• Gloss: ‘bone’
• Descendant
  • PLem *fost‑

*h₃mei̯g̑ʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘urinate’
• Descendant
  • PLem *fmink‑

*h₃neh₂‑

• Gloss: ‘enjoy’
• Descendants
  • PLem *fna‑
  • PLem *fnas‑

*h₃nóbʰ‑s

• Gloss: ‘navel, hub’
• Descendant
  • PLem *fnomb‑

*h₃óh₁s

• Gloss: ‘mouth’
• Descendant
  • PLem *fōs‑

*h₃rei̯h₁‑

• Gloss: ‘boil, churn’
• Descendant
  • PLem *frīn‑

*h₃reu̯k‑

• Gloss: ‘dig, weed (out)’
• Descendant
  • PLem *frunk‑

*h̥₃kʷ‑ónt‑s

• Gloss: ‘eye’
• Ancestor: PIE *h₃ekʷ‑
• Variant: Narten present active participle
• Descendant
  • PLem *ohwont‑

*i̯éh₁r̥

• Gloss: ‘year’
• Descendant
  • PLem *jehar‑

*i̯eh₂‑

• Gloss: ‘ask for, strive’
• Descendant
  • PLem *ī‑

*i̯ek‑

• Gloss: ‘speak’
• Descendant
  • PLem *jex‑

*i̯émh₂‑os

• Gloss: ‘twin’
• Descendants
  • PLem *jēm‑
  • PWald *thém‑as

*i̯eu̯h₁‑ḗ‑s

• Gloss: ‘possessing cereals’
• Ancestor: PIE *i̯éu̯h₁‑os
• Irregularity: internal derivation
• Descendant
  • PLem *jewhē‑

*i̯éu̯h₁‑os

• Gloss: ‘cereal, barley’
• Descendants
  • PIE *i̯eu̯h₁‑ḗ‑s
  • PLem *jēw‑

*i̯éu̯h₁s

• Gloss: ‘broth, soup’
• Descendant
  • PLem *jews‑

*i̯eu̯t‑

• Gloss: ‘notice, awake’
• Descendant
  • PLem *jews‑

*i̯ḗkʷr̥

• Gloss: ‘liver’
• Descendants
  • PLem *jēxwar‑
  • PCelt *yī́kʷar

*i̯órk‑os

• Gloss: ‘roe deer’
• Descendants
  • PLem *jork‑
  • PCelt *yórk‑os

*i̯uh₁

• Gloss: ‘you [plural]’
• Descendants
  • PLem *jū
  • EHell *dyū

*k̑as‑

• Gloss: ‘grey’
• Descendant
  • PLem *ksr‑

*k̑eh₂d‑

• Gloss: ‘be troubled’
• Descendant
  • PLem *kazw‑

*k̑ei̯d‑

• Gloss: ‘call’
• Descendant
  • PLem *keshidh‑

*k̑el‑

• Gloss: ‘become warm’
• Descendant
  • PLem *kel‑

*k̑ems‑

• Gloss: ‘announce, praise’
• Descendant
  • PLem *kēm‑

*k̑érd‑s

• Gloss: ‘heart’
• Descendants
  • PIE *k̑r̥dí‑eh₂
  • PLem *kerd‑

*k̑ers‑

• Gloss: ‘run’
• Descendant
  • PLem *kars‑

*k̑eu̯dʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘become clean’
• Descendant
  • PLem *kundr‑

*k̑ókʷr̥

• Gloss: ‘faeces’
• Descendant
  • PLem *kohwar‑

*k̑órk‑eh₂

• Gloss: ‘gravel’
• Descendant
  • PWald *šárkh‑a

*k̑r̥dí‑eh₂

• Gloss: ‘heart’
• Ancestor: PIE *k̑érd‑s
• Variant: feminine
• Irregularity: %0006-extension
• Descendant
  • EHell *kr̥dí‑ā

*k̑r̥h₂n‑ós

• Gloss: ‘horn’
• Descendants
  • PLem *karxn‑
  • PWald *šarn‑ás
  • PCelt *karn‑ós

*k̑r̥h₂u̯‑ós

• Gloss: ‘deer, stag’
• Irregularity: related to %0034%0015%0024n-ós ‘horn’
• Descendants
  • PLem *karxw‑
  • PCelt *karw‑ós

*k̑u̯ón‑s

• Gloss: ‘dog’
• Descendant
  • PLem *gwon‑

*kagʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘seize, enclose’
• Descendants
  • PIE *kagʰ‑i̯‑óm
  • PLem *ggh‑
  • PLem *keghggh‑

*kagʰ‑i̯‑óm

• Gloss: ‘enclosure, hedge’
• Ancestor: PIE *kagʰ‑
• Irregularity: nominalisation
• Descendant
  • PLem *kangj‑

*kan‑

• Gloss: ‘sing’
• Descendants
  • PLem *kan‑
  • PCelt *kán‑ū

*kápr‑os

• Gloss: ‘goat’
• Descendants
  • PLem *kafr‑
  • PCelt *gábr‑os

*káput

• Gloss: ‘head’
• Descendant
  • PLem *kafus‑

*keh₁u̯‑

• Gloss: ‘wobble, swing’
• Descendant
  • PLem *kēw‑

*keh₂‑

• Gloss: ‘desire, covet’
• Descendant
  • PLem *kāhx‑

*keh₂p‑

• Gloss: ‘seize, grasp’
• Descendant
  • PLem *kafk‑

*keng‑

• Gloss: ‘limp’
• Ancestor: PIE *skeng‑
• Variant: form without s-mobile
• Descendant
  • PWald *khḗng‑mi

*kers‑

• Gloss: ‘cut’
• Descendants
  • PIE *kŕ̥s‑t‑s
  • PLem *kēr‑

*kes‑

• Gloss: ‘order, comb’
• Descendants
  • PIE *kés‑mn̥
  • PLem *ks‑

*kés‑mn̥

• Gloss: ‘something combed, hairdo, tail?’
• Ancestor: PIE *kes‑
• Variant: neuter abstract -mn̥-noun
• Descendant
  • PLem *kesman‑

*keu̯sdʰh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘hide’
• Descendants
  • PIE *kúsdʰh₁‑eh₂
  • PLem *kuzt‑

*klep‑

• Gloss: ‘steal’
• Descendant
  • PLem *kalp‑

*knéu̯‑s

• Gloss: ‘nut’
• Descendant
  • PLem *knew‑

*knóg‑s

• Gloss: ‘nape’
• Descendant
  • PLem *knoɦ‑

*kom

• Gloss: ‘with’
• Descendant
  • PLem *kom

*kóngʰ‑eh₂

• Gloss: ‘shell, mussel’
• Descendants
  • PLem *konggh‑
  • EHell *kónkh‑ā

*kón‑os

• Gloss: ‘dust, ashes’
• Descendants
  • PLem *kon‑
  • EHell *koní‑ā

*kór‑i̯‑os

• Gloss: ‘male association’
• Ancestor: PIE *kór‑os
• Irregularity: derivation
• Descendant
  • PLem *korj‑

*kór‑os

• Gloss: ‘war’
• Descendants
  • PIE *kór‑i̯‑os
  • PLem *kor‑

*kreh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘sieve, separate’
• Descendant
  • PLem *krne‑

*kreu̯h₂‑

• Gloss: ‘(make) bleed’
• Descendants
  • PIE *kréu̯h₂‑s
  • PLem *krixrū‑

*kréu̯h₂‑s

• Gloss: ‘blood (outside the body)’
• Ancestor: PIE *kreu̯h₂‑
• Irregularity: root noun
• Descendant
  • PLem *krēw‑

*kŕ̥s‑t‑s

• Gloss: ‘cut’
• Ancestor: PIE *kers‑
• Irregularity: verbal adjective
• Descendant
  • PLem *karst‑

*kúsdʰh₁‑eh₂

• Gloss: ‘something hidden, treasure’
• Ancestor: PIE *keu̯sdʰh₁‑
• Irregularity: root noun
• Descendant
  • PWald *khúždh‑a

*ku̯eh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘swell’
• Descendant
  • PLem *kuhw‑

*ku̯elp‑

• Gloss: ‘bend, bulge’
• Descendant
  • PLem *gwalp‑

*ku̯h₂et‑

• Gloss: ‘ferment, become sour’
• Descendant
  • PLem *gwas‑

*kʷe

• Gloss: ‘and’
• Descendant
  • EHell *qe

*kʷei̯s‑

• Gloss: ‘perceive, pay attention’
• Descendant
  • PLem *gwisk‑

*kʷek̑‑

• Gloss: ‘see’
• Descendant
  • PLem *gwesh‑

*kʷékʷl‑os

• Gloss: ‘wheel, circle’
• Descendants
  • PLem *gweml‑
  • EHell *qúql‑os

*kʷelh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘turn (around)’
• Descendants
  • PIE *kʷólh₁‑os
  • PLem *gwalnh‑
  • EHell *ql̥nḗ‑mi
  • PWald *kholnḗ‑mi

*kʷer‑

• Gloss: ‘cut’
• Descendant
  • PLem *gwer‑

*kʷétu̯ores

• Gloss: ‘four’
• Descendants
  • PIE *kʷetu̯r̥‑
  • PLem *gwethwores
  • EHell *qétwores

*kʷetu̯r̥‑

• Gloss: ‘four-’
• Ancestor: PIE *kʷétu̯ores
• Irregularity: prefix form
• Descendant
  • PLem *gwaswar‑

*kʷólh₁‑os

• Gloss: ‘neck’
• Ancestor: PIE *kʷelh₁‑
• Variant: zero-affix noun
• Descendants
  • PLem *gwōl‑
  • PWald *khól‑as

*kʷ‑ós

• Gloss: ‘who?’
• Descendant
  • PLem *gw‑

*kʷrend‑

• Gloss: ‘yell, neigh’
• Descendant
  • PLem *kfrend‑

*kʷsép‑s

• Gloss: ‘night’
• Descendant
  • PLem *ksef‑

*leb‑

• Gloss: ‘hang down’
• Descendant
  • PIE *léb‑or‑s

*léb‑or‑s

• Gloss: ‘lip’
• Ancestor: PIE *leb‑
• Variant: r-stem noun
• Descendant
  • PLem *lewor‑

*leg̑‑

• Gloss: ‘gather’
• Descendant
  • PLem *alg‑

*legʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘slight, small, light’
• Descendant
  • PLem *algghw‑

*legʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘lie down’
• Descendant
  • PLem *alggh‑

*leh₁t‑óm

• Gloss: ‘warm part of the year’
• Descendant
  • PLem *lēth‑

*leh₂‑

• Gloss: ‘pour, water’
• Descendant
  • PLem *alxw‑

*lei̯g̑‑

• Gloss: ‘bind’
• Descendant
  • PLem *lizh‑

*lei̯g̑ʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘lick’
• Descendants
  • PIE *léi̯g̑ʰ‑eh₂
  • PIE *mélid‑lei̯g̑ʰ‑

*léi̯g̑ʰ‑eh₂

• Gloss: ‘spoon’
• Ancestor: PIE *lei̯g̑ʰ‑
• Variant: zero-affix noun
• Descendants
  • PLem *lēng‑
  • PCelt *lḗg‑ā

*lei̯h₁‑

• Gloss: ‘snuggle’
• Descendant
  • PIE *lih₁‑mh̥₁n‑ós

*lei̯h₁mh̥́₁n‑os

• Gloss: ‘from the bay’
• Ancestor: PIE *lih₁‑mh̥₁n‑ós
• Irregularity: vrddhi derivation
• Descendant
  • PLem *lēmen‑

*lei̯s‑

• Gloss: ‘trace > learn’
• Descendants
  • PIE *lói̯s‑eh₂
  • PLem *līn‑

*lei̯t‑

• Gloss: ‘touch’
• Descendant
  • PLem *lint‑

*lei̯t‑

• Gloss: ‘go, move (away)’
• Descendant
  • PLem *lithk‑

*lek‑

• Gloss: ‘move one’s limbs’
• Descendant
  • PLem *lex‑

*lént‑os

• Gloss: ‘supple, flexible’
• Descendant
  • PCelt *lént‑os

*les‑

• Gloss: ‘gather, pick up’
• Descendant
  • PLem *als‑

*leu̯bʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘love; infatuate, confuse’
• Descendants
  • PLem *lewb‑
  • PLem *lumb‑

*leu̯g̑‑

• Gloss: ‘bend, break’
• Descendant
  • PLem *lung‑

*léu̯h₁‑s

• Gloss: ‘louse’
• Descendant
  • PLem *lēw‑

*leu̯h₃‑

• Gloss: ‘wash’
• Descendant
  • PLem *lufw‑

*leu̯k‑

• Gloss: ‘become bright, shine’
• Descendants
  • PIE *lúk‑si‑s
  • PLem *lewh‑

*léu̯‑om

• Gloss: ‘lion’
• Descendant
  • EHell *leũ‑on

*leu̯p‑

• Gloss: ‘peel (off)’
• Descendant
  • PLem *lufr‑

*lih₁‑mh̥₁n‑ós

• Gloss: ‘bay, lit. snuggling oneself against’
• Ancestor: PIE *lei̯h₁‑
• Variant: root present mediopassive participle
• Descendant
  • PIE *lei̯h₁mh̥́₁n‑os

*lói̯s‑eh₂

• Gloss: ‘track, furrow’
• Ancestor: PIE *lei̯s‑
• Irregularity: nominalisation
• Descendant
  • PLem *lō‑

*lóku‑s

• Gloss: ‘pond, pool’
• Descendant
  • PLem *lohw‑

*lúk‑si‑s

• Gloss: ‘lynx’
• Ancestor: PIE *leu̯k‑
• Irregularity: i-stem noun
• Descendant
  • PLem *luhsj‑

*márk‑os

• Gloss: ‘wild horse’
• Descendant
  • PCelt *márk‑os

*masd‑

• Gloss: ‘be(come) fat’
• Descendant
  • PLem *mazd‑

*med‑

• Gloss: ‘measure, look after, enforce’
• Descendant
  • PLem *medh‑

*médʰu

• Gloss: ‘mead’
• Descendant
  • PLem *mendu‑

*még̑h₂‑s

• Gloss: ‘large’
• Descendant
  • PLem *mezhx‑

*meh₂k̑‑

• Gloss: ‘long’
• Descendants
  • PIE *meh₂k̑‑eh₂‑
  • PLem *maçr‑

*meh₂k̑‑eh₂‑

• Gloss: ‘make long’
• Ancestor: PIE *meh₂k̑‑
• Variant: de-adjectival factitive verb
• Descendant
  • PLem *māçx‑

*méh₂ter‑s

• Gloss: ‘mother’
• Descendants
  • PLem *māser‑
  • EHell *mā́tēr

*meih₃‑

• Gloss: ‘thrive, flourish’
• Descendants
  • PIE *mih₃‑ónt‑s
  • PLem *mī‑

*mei̯‑

• Gloss: ‘(ex)change’
• Descendants
  • PIE *mis‑dʰ‑ós
  • PLem *mē‑

*mei̯k̑‑

• Gloss: ‘mix’
• Descendants
  • PIE *mik̑sk̑‑ónt‑s
  • PLem *mishk‑

*mei̯s‑

• Gloss: ‘open one’s eyes’
• Descendant
  • PLem *mis‑

*mei̯th₂‑

• Gloss: ‘change, remove’
• Descendant
  • PLem *mithx‑

*meld‑

• Gloss: ‘soften’
• Descendant
  • PLem *maltk‑

*melh₂‑

• Gloss: ‘grind’
• Descendant
  • PLem *memalx‑

*mélid

• Gloss: ‘honey’
• Descendants
  • PIE *mélid‑lei̯g̑ʰ‑
  • PLem *melidh‑
  • EHell *méli

*mélid‑lei̯g̑ʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘lick honey’
• Constituents: PIE *mélid + *lei̯g̑ʰ‑
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • PIE *melidlíg̑ʰ‑i‑eh₂

*melidlíg̑ʰ‑i‑eh₂

• Gloss: ‘bee’
• Ancestor: PIE *mélid‑lei̯g̑ʰ‑
• Irregularity: nominalisation
• Descendants
  • PLem *melidhlingj‑
  • EHell *melilíkhi‑ā

*melkʷ‑

• Gloss: ‘hinder, harm, destroy’
• Descendant
  • PLem *malngw‑

*men‑

• Gloss: ‘think’
• Descendants
  • PIE *men‑ésu̯‑eh₂
  • PLem *manw‑

*men‑ésu̯‑eh₂

• Gloss: ‘Goddess of wisdom’
• Ancestor: PIE *men‑
• Irregularity: nominalisation
• Descendant
  • PLem *menesw‑

*mer‑

• Gloss: ‘vanish, die’
• Descendant
  • PLem *marsk‑

*mergʷ‑

• Gloss: ‘colour’
• Descendants
  • PIE *mr̥gʷ‑t‑ós
  • PLem *markfr‑

*merh₂‑

• Gloss: ‘clutch, squash’
• Descendant
  • PLem *marnx‑

*méu̯‑s

• Gloss: ‘fly’
• Descendants
  • PLem *mew‑
  • PWald *mö́

*meu̯sh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘lift, remove’
• Descendant
  • PLem *musanh‑

*mē

• Gloss: ‘don’t’
• Descendant
  • EHell *mē

*mḗms

• Gloss: ‘meat, flesh’
• Descendant
  • PLem *mēm‑

*mih₃‑ónt‑s

• Gloss: ‘something thriving, flourishing’
• Ancestor: PIE *meih₃‑
• Variant: root present active participle
• Descendant
  • PLem *mifont‑

*mik̑sk̑‑ónt‑s

• Gloss: ‘mixing’
• Ancestor: PIE *mei̯k̑‑
• Variant: sk̑é-present active participle
• Descendant
  • PLem *mishkont‑

*misdʰh₁‑ós

• Gloss: ‘reward, wages’
• Descendant
  • PLem *mizt‑

*mis‑dʰ‑ós

• Gloss: ‘reward, payment’
• Ancestor: PIE *mei̯‑
• Irregularity: nominalisation
• Descendants
  • PLem *mizdz‑
  • PWald *miždh‑ás

*mish₁ón‑s

• Gloss: ‘woolly’
• Ancestor: PIE *mói̯s
• Variant: Hoffmann adjective
• Descendant
  • PLem *mison‑

*mleu̯h₂‑

• Gloss: ‘speak’
• Descendants
  • PIE *mléu̯h₂‑mn̥
  • PLem *mlū‑

*mléu̯h₂‑mn̥

• Gloss: ‘thing spoken’
• Ancestor: PIE *mleu̯h₂‑
• Variant: neuter abstract -mn̥-noun
• Descendant
  • PLem *mlewxman‑

*mneh₂‑

• Gloss: ‘think’
• Descendant
  • PLem *mnask‑

*moi

• Gloss: ‘my, me [enclitic]’
• Descendants
  • PWald *mai
  • PCelt *moi

*mói̯s

• Gloss: ‘fleece (?)’
• Descendants
  • PIE *mish₁ón‑s
  • PLem *mō‑

*móri

• Gloss: ‘sea, lake’
• Descendant
  • PLem *mori‑

*móru̯i‑s

• Gloss: ‘ant’
• Descendant
  • PLem *morwj‑

*mreg̑ʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘short’
• Descendant
  • PLem *margjw‑

*mr̥gʷ‑t‑ós

• Gloss: ‘dark, coloured’
• Ancestor: PIE *mergʷ‑
• Variant: verbal adjective
• Descendant
  • PCelt *mrixt‑ós

*múh₂s

• Gloss: ‘mouse’
• Descendants
  • PLem *mūs‑
  • EHell *mūs

*nás‑os

• Gloss: ‘nose’
• Descendant
  • PLem *nas‑

*ne

• Gloss: ‘no, not’
• Descendants
  • PIE *n̥‑
  • PLem *ne

*nebʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘burst, shatter’
• Descendant
  • PLem *nemb‑

*negʷ‑

• Gloss: ‘grow dark’
• Descendants
  • PIE *négʷ‑t‑s
  • PLem *angw‑

*negʷ‑

• Gloss: ‘naked, bare’
• Descendants
  • PIE *nogʷ‑n‑ós
  • PLem *ankfr‑

*négʷ‑t‑s

• Gloss: ‘night’
• Ancestor: PIE *negʷ‑
• Irregularity: t-stem noun
• Descendant
  • PLem *neghwas‑

*nei̯h₁‑

• Gloss: ‘lead, guide’
• Descendant
  • PLem *nēnī‑

*nem‑

• Gloss: ‘tilt’
• Descendants
  • PLem *namr‑
  • PLem *nem‑

*népot‑s

• Gloss: ‘grandson, nephew’
• Descendant
  • PLem *nefos‑

*népton‑os

• Gloss: ‘Nephew of the Waters’
• Descendant
  • PLem *nefton‑

*neu̯‑

• Gloss: ‘new’
• Descendant
  • PLem *anw‑

*neu̯d‑

• Gloss: ‘push’
• Descendant
  • PLem *newz‑

*nisd‑ós

• Gloss: ‘nest’
• Descendant
  • PLem *nizd‑

*nogʷ‑n‑ós

• Gloss: ‘naked, bare’
• Ancestor: PIE *negʷ‑
• Variant: verbal adjective
• Descendant
  • EHell *q̌omn‑ós

*nókʷt‑s

• Gloss: ‘night’
• Descendant
  • PLem *nohwas‑

*nu

• Gloss: ‘and [connecting sentences]’
• Descendant
  • EHell *nu

*n̥‑

• Gloss: ‘un-’
• Ancestor: PIE *ne
• Irregularity: zero-grade prefix
• Descendant
  • EHell *n̥‑

*ok̑tṓu̯

• Gloss: ‘eight’
• Descendant
  • PLem *oçtōw

*peh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘move [intr.]’
• Descendant
  • PLem *pifh‑

*peh₁i̯‑

• Gloss: ‘rebuke’
• Descendant
  • PLem *pē‑

*peh₂g̑‑

• Gloss: ‘stiffen, become solid’
• Descendants
  • PLem *pang‑
  • EHell *pāgnu‑mi

*péh₂nt‑s

• Gloss: ‘all, every’
• Descendant
  • EHell *pā́n‑s

*péh₂u̯r̥

• Gloss: ‘fire [inanimate]’
• Descendant
  • PLem *pāwar‑

*peh₃‑

• Gloss: ‘drink’
• Descendant
  • PLem *piwf‑

*pei̯h₁‑

• Gloss: ‘swell’
• Descendant
  • PLem *pifī‑

*pei̯h₂‑

• Gloss: ‘sing’
• Descendants
  • PIE *péi̯h₂‑tor‑s
  • PLem *pī‑

*péi̯h₂‑tor‑s

• Gloss: ‘singer’
• Ancestor: PIE *pei̯h₂‑
• Variant: event agent
• Descendant
  • PLem *pēthor‑

*pei̯k̑‑

• Gloss: ‘hew, cut out’
• Descendant
  • PLem *pink‑

*pei̯pél‑os

• Gloss: ‘butterfly’
• Descendant
  • PLem *pēfel‑

*pei̯s‑

• Gloss: ‘crush’
• Descendant
  • PLem *pisk‑

*péi̯sk̑‑os

• Gloss: ‘fish’
• Descendants
  • PLem *pēsk‑
  • PWald *phéšš‑as

*pek̑‑

• Gloss: ‘be happy’
• Descendant
  • PLem *pesh‑

*pekʷ‑

• Gloss: ‘cook, ripen’
• Descendant
  • PLem *pexw‑

*pel‑

• Gloss: ‘flare up’
• Descendants
  • PIE *pél‑or‑s
  • PLem *pl‑

*pelk‑

• Gloss: ‘cover, conceal’
• Descendant
  • PLem *palkanh‑

*pél‑or‑s

• Gloss: ‘a shiny metal, a copper alloy?’
• Ancestor: PIE *pel‑
• Variant: r-stem noun
• Descendant
  • PLem *pelor‑

*pénkʷe

• Gloss: ‘five’
• Descendants
  • PIE *pń̥kʷ‑sti‑s
  • PLem *pengwe

*per‑

• Gloss: ‘traverse’
• Descendant
  • PLem *pars‑

*peri

• Gloss: ‘around, through’
• Descendants
  • PIE *pŕ̥‑sth₂i‑s
  • PLem *peri

*peth₂‑

• Gloss: ‘spread (one’s wings), fly (up)’
• Descendants
  • PIE *péth₂‑r̥
  • PLem *pk‑
  • PLem *ptanx‑
  • EHell *pī́pt‑ō

*péth₂‑r̥

• Gloss: ‘feather’
• Ancestor: PIE *peth₂‑
• Irregularity: r-stem noun
• Descendant
  • PLem *pethxar‑

*péu̯k̑‑eh₂

• Gloss: ‘pine’
• Descendants
  • PLem *pewç‑
  • PCelt *φuxtāk‑ā

*ph̥₂tér‑s

• Gloss: ‘father’
• Descendant
  • PLem *paser‑

*pleh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘fill, become full’
• Descendant
  • PIE *pl̥h₁‑mh̥₁n‑ós

*pleh₂‑

• Gloss: ‘flat’
• Descendant
  • PLem *palx‑

*pleth₂‑

• Gloss: ‘spread (out)’
• Descendant
  • PLem *plethx‑

*pleu̯‑

• Gloss: ‘float’
• Descendants
  • PIE *pléu̯‑m‑os
  • PLem *palw‑

*pléu̯‑m‑os

• Gloss: ‘lung’
• Ancestor: PIE *pleu̯‑
• Irregularity: m-stem noun
• Descendant
  • PLem *plēm‑

*pl̥h₁‑mh̥₁n‑ós

• Gloss: ‘filled’
• Ancestor: PIE *pleh₁‑
• Variant: root present mediopassive participle
• Descendant
  • PLem *palhmen‑

*pń̥kʷ‑sti‑s

• Gloss: ‘fist’
• Ancestor: PIE *pénkʷe
• Irregularity: possibly
• Descendant
  • PLem *pangdj‑

*pṓd‑s

• Gloss: ‘foot’
• Descendant
  • PLem *pōz‑

*prei̯h₁‑

• Gloss: ‘please, be dear’
• Descendant
  • PLem *prīn‑

*prek̑‑

• Gloss: ‘ask’
• Descendant
  • PLem *park‑

*pret‑

• Gloss: ‘realise’
• Descendant
  • PCelt *φrā́ty‑ū

*preu̯‑

• Gloss: ‘jump’
• Descendants
  • PIE *pru‑ónt‑s
  • PLem *prew‑

*preu̯th₂‑

• Gloss: ‘snort, froth’
• Descendant
  • PLem *prusanx‑

*prō

• Gloss: ‘forth’
• Descendant
  • PLem *prō

*pru‑ónt‑s

• Gloss: ‘jumper’
• Ancestor: PIE *preu̯‑
• Variant: Narten present active participle
• Descendant
  • PLem *pruont‑

*pŕ̥‑sth₂i‑s

• Gloss: ‘something protruding’
• Constituents: PIE *peri + *steh₂‑
• Variant: compound
• Irregularity: nominalisation
• Descendant
  • PLem *parstxj‑

*pster‑

• Gloss: ‘sneeze’
• Descendant
  • PLem *ptarsk‑

*pteh₂k‑

• Gloss: ‘duck [verb]’
• Descendant
  • PLem *ptah‑

*redʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘emerge, appear’
• Descendant
  • PLem *ardz‑

*reg̑‑

• Gloss: ‘flow, drip’
• Descendant
  • PLem *arg‑

*reh₁dʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘be successful’
• Descendant
  • PLem *rentk‑

*reh₁p‑

• Gloss: ‘creep’
• Descendant
  • PLem *ref‑

*reh₁t‑

• Gloss: ‘meet, find’
• Descendant
  • PLem *rethk‑

*resg‑

• Gloss: ‘braid’
• Descendant
  • PLem *arzg‑

*ret‑

• Gloss: ‘run’
• Descendant
  • PLem *reth‑

*reu̯p‑

• Gloss: ‘break, snap [intr.]’
• Descendant
  • PLem *runp‑

*rṓs

• Gloss: ‘dew’
• Descendant
  • PLem *rōs‑

*sed‑

• Gloss: ‘sit down’
• Descendant
  • PLem *zd‑

*seg̑ʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘hold, overpower’
• Descendants
  • PIE *sg̑ʰ‑h̥₃l‑éh₂
  • PLem *seng‑

*seh₁dʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘succeed, reach a goal’
• Descendant
  • PLem *sēnd‑

*seh₂dʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘succeed’
• Descendant
  • PLem *sand‑

*séh₂l‑s

• Gloss: ‘salt’
• Descendant
  • PLem *sāl‑

*séh₂u̯l̥

• Gloss: ‘sun’
• Descendant
  • PIE *sh₂u̯én‑s

*sekʷ‑

• Gloss: ‘say’
• Descendant
  • PLem *sisgw‑

*sel‑

• Gloss: ‘dwell, stay’
• Descendants
  • PLem *sel‑
  • PWald *sl‑ó

*sélp‑s

• Gloss: ‘oil, fat’
• Descendant
  • PLem *selp‑

*semh₂‑

• Gloss: ‘scoop up’
• Descendants
  • PIE *sémh₂‑dʰ‑os
  • PLem *samx‑

*sémh₂‑dʰ‑os

• Gloss: ‘sand’
• Ancestor: PIE *semh₂‑
• Irregularity: nominal derivation
• Descendant
  • PLem *semxdz‑

*sém‑s

• Gloss: ‘one, together’
• Descendants
  • PIE *sm̥‑
  • PLem *sem‑

*sen‑

• Gloss: ‘old’
• Descendant
  • PLem *sisn‑

*sen

• Gloss: ‘aside, away’
• Descendants
  • PIE *sen‑dʰh₁‑
  • PLem *sen

*sen‑dʰh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘secrete’
• Constituents: PIE *sen + *dʰeh₁‑
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • PLem *sent‑

*septḿ̥

• Gloss: ‘seven’
• Descendant
  • PLem *seftam

*ser‑

• Gloss: ‘link, bind together’
• Descendants
  • PLem *sr‑
  • EHell *héry‑ō

*serk‑

• Gloss: ‘repair, recompense’
• Descendant
  • PLem *sarnk‑

*serp‑

• Gloss: ‘creep’
• Descendant
  • PLem *sarp‑

*sg̑ʰ‑h̥₃l‑éh₂

• Gloss: ‘leisure, rest’
• Ancestor: PIE *seg̑ʰ‑
• Irregularity: abstract noun
• Descendants
  • PLem *skçol‑
  • EHell *skhol‑ā́

*sh₂ei̯‑

• Gloss: ‘fetter, bind’
• Descendants
  • PIE *sh̥₂i̯‑mh̥₁n‑ós
  • PLem *sxni‑

*sh₂u̯én‑s

• Gloss: ‘sun’
• Ancestor: PIE *séh₂u̯l̥
• Irregularity: genitive/weak stem
• Descendant
  • PLem *sxun‑

*sh̥₂i̯‑mh̥₁n‑ós

• Gloss: ‘fetter, bind’
• Ancestor: PIE *sh₂ei̯‑
• Variant: root aorist mediopassive participle

*sih₂

• Gloss: ‘she’
• Descendant
  • PWald *sī́

*si̯eu̯h₁‑

• Gloss: ‘sew’
• Descendant
  • PLem *sjēw‑

*skedh₂‑

• Gloss: ‘splinter, scatter’
• Descendants
  • PLem *skedhx‑
  • PLem *zgdanx‑

*skek‑

• Gloss: ‘move quickly, jump’
• Descendants
  • PIE *skk‑ónt‑s
  • PLem *sexk‑
  • PLem *sk‑

*skel‑

• Gloss: ‘split’
• Descendants
  • PIE *skl̥‑ónt‑s
  • PLem *skel‑

*skeng‑

• Gloss: ‘limp’
• Descendants
  • PIE *keng‑
  • PLem *skeng‑

*skerdʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘cut, sting (?)’
• Descendant
  • PLem *skerdz‑

*skerh₃‑

• Gloss: ‘divide, separate’
• Descendant
  • PLem *skarf‑

*skk‑ónt‑s

• Gloss: ‘jumping’
• Ancestor: PIE *skek‑
• Variant: Narten present active participle
• Descendant
  • PLem *skont‑

*skl̥‑ónt‑s

• Gloss: ‘splitting’
• Ancestor: PIE *skel‑
• Variant: Narten present active participle
• Descendant
  • PLem *skalont‑

*skʷál‑os

• Gloss: ‘a large fish’
• Descendant
  • PLem *sgwal‑

*sleg̑‑

• Gloss: ‘end’
• Descendants
  • PIE *slég̑‑mn̥
  • PLem *salg‑

*slég̑‑mn̥

• Gloss: ‘ending, limit’
• Ancestor: PIE *sleg̑‑
• Variant: neuter abstract -mn̥-noun
• Descendant
  • PLem *slezhman‑

*slei̯g̑‑

• Gloss: ‘smear, grease’
• Descendant
  • PLem *slizh‑

*smei̯d‑

• Gloss: ‘smear’
• Descendant
  • PLem *smēdh‑

*smer‑

• Gloss: ‘allot; receive a share’
• Descendant
  • PLem *smarsk‑

*smér‑s

• Gloss: ‘grease, marrow’
• Descendant
  • PLem *smer‑

*sm̥‑

• Gloss: ‘same-’
• Ancestor: PIE *sém‑s
• Irregularity: prefix form
• Descendant
  • PIE *sm̥‑gʷelbʰ‑ós

*sm̥‑gʷelbʰ‑ós

• Gloss: ‘brother’
• Constituents: PIE *sm̥‑ + *gʷélbʰu‑s
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • EHell *m̥q̌elph‑ós

*snedʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘cut’
• Descendant
  • PLem *sandz‑

*sneh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘twist, spin’
• Descendants
  • PIE *snéh₁‑tr̥
  • PLem *snē‑

*snéh₁‑tr̥

• Gloss: ‘adder’
• Ancestor: PIE *sneh₁‑
• Irregularity: nominalisation
• Descendant
  • PLem *snēthar‑

*snéh₁tr̥

• Gloss: ‘adder’
• Descendant
  • PLem *snēthar‑

*sneh₂‑

• Gloss: ‘swim, bathe’
• Descendants
  • PIE *snéh₂‑u‑s
  • PLem *sanx‑

*snéh₂‑u‑s

• Gloss: ‘boat’
• Ancestor: PIE *sneh₂‑
• Irregularity: u-stem noun
• Descendant
  • EHell *snaũ‑s

*snei̯gʷʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘adhere; snow’
• Descendants
  • PIE *snígʷʰ‑os
  • PWald *snéih‑a

*snerk‑

• Gloss: ‘tie, tighten’
• Descendant
  • PLem *snark‑

*snígʷʰ‑os

• Gloss: ‘snow’
• Ancestor: PIE *snei̯gʷʰ‑
• Irregularity: deverbal noun
• Descendant
  • PLem *sningw‑

*snus‑ós

• Gloss: ‘daughter-in-law’
• Descendant
  • PLem *snus‑

*sókr̥

• Gloss: ‘faeces’
• Descendant
  • PLem *sohar‑

*spelh₃‑

• Gloss: ‘speak publicly’
• Descendant
  • PLem *spalnf‑

*sper‑

• Gloss: ‘save’
• Descendant
  • PLem *spnar‑

*sperdʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘run away, flee’
• Descendants
  • PLem *sperdz‑
  • PWald *sphérdh‑o

*sreu̯‑

• Gloss: ‘flow’
• Descendant
  • PLem *sarw‑

*stáu̯r‑os

• Gloss: ‘bull’
• Descendant
  • PLem *stawr‑

*steh₂‑

• Gloss: ‘stand’
• Descendants
  • PIE *pŕ̥‑sth₂i‑s
  • PIE *sth̥₂‑ur‑ós
  • PLem *stna‑
  • EHell *sístā‑mi

*stei̯gʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘go, climb’
• Descendants
  • PIE *stói̯gʰ‑os
  • PLem *stinggh‑

*stel‑

• Gloss: ‘put, make ready’
• Descendants
  • PIE *stĺ̥‑n‑eh₂
  • EHell *stély‑ō

*stelg‑

• Gloss: ‘protrude; rigid’
• Descendants
  • PLem *stalgr‑
  • PLem *stelg‑

*steu̯p‑

• Gloss: ‘push, hit’
• Descendants
  • PIE *stéu̯p‑tor‑s
  • PIE *teu̯p‑
  • PLem *stewf‑

*stéu̯p‑tor‑s

• Gloss: ‘hitter, brawler’
• Ancestor: PIE *steu̯p‑
• Variant: object heteroclitic noun
• Descendant
  • PLem *stewtor‑

*sth̥₂‑ur‑ós

• Gloss: ‘stake, pole’
• Ancestor: PIE *steh₂‑
• Irregularity: r-stem noun
• Descendant
  • EHell *staur‑ós

*stĺ̥‑n‑eh₂

• Gloss: ‘upright stone or slab?’
• Ancestor: PIE *stel‑
• Irregularity: n-stem noun
• Descendant
  • EHell *stĺ̥n‑ā

*stói̯gʰ‑os

• Gloss: ‘row’
• Ancestor: PIE *stei̯gʰ‑
• Irregularity: nominalisation
• Descendant
  • PLem *stōng‑

*suh₁nú‑s

• Gloss: ‘son’
• Descendant
  • PLem *sūnw‑

*súh₂‑s

• Gloss: ‘pig’
• Descendant
  • PLem *sū‑

*su̯e

• Gloss: ‘self’
• Descendants
  • PIE *su̯e‑dʰh₁‑
  • PLem *swe

*su̯e‑dʰh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘place oneself’
• Constituents: PIE *su̯e + *dʰeh₁‑
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • PLem *swent‑

*su̯éh₂d‑

• Gloss: ‘sweet’
• Descendants
  • PLem *swazw‑
  • EHell *swadú‑s

*su̯ei̯d‑

• Gloss: ‘throw’
• Descendant
  • PLem *swidh‑

*su̯ék̑s

• Gloss: ‘six’
• Descendant
  • PLem *sweshs

*su̯ék̑ur‑os

• Gloss: ‘father-in-law’
• Descendant
  • PLem *sweshur‑

*su̯el‑

• Gloss: ‘smoulder, burn’
• Descendants
  • PIE *su̯él‑or‑s
  • PLem *swnal‑

*su̯elh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘swell’
• Descendant
  • PIE *su̯l̥h₁‑mh̥₁n‑ós

*su̯él‑or‑s

• Gloss: ‘sulfur flame, burning sulfur?’
• Ancestor: PIE *su̯el‑
• Variant: r-stem noun
• Descendant
  • PLem *swelor‑

*su̯er‑

• Gloss: ‘to sound’
• Descendant
  • PLem *sur‑

*su̯ésor‑s

• Gloss: ‘sister’
• Descendant
  • PLem *swesor‑

*su̯l̥h₁‑mh̥₁n‑ós

• Gloss: ‘swollen’
• Ancestor: PIE *su̯elh₁‑
• Variant: root present mediopassive participle
• Descendant
  • PLem *swalhmen‑

*teh₂g‑

• Gloss: ‘touch, grasp’
• Descendant
  • PLem *tāɦ‑

*tek‑

• Gloss: ‘acquire’
• Descendant
  • PLem *tex‑

*tekʷ‑

• Gloss: ‘run, flow’
• Descendant
  • PLem *dw‑

*telh₂‑

• Gloss: ‘lift up, take upon oneself’
• Descendant
  • PLem *talnx‑

*telp‑

• Gloss: ‘make room’
• Descendant
  • PLem *talp‑

*temh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘cut’
• Descendants
  • PLem *tamnh‑
  • EHell *tm̥n‑ō

*tenh₂‑

• Gloss: ‘thin’
• Descendant
  • PLem *tanx‑

*tep‑

• Gloss: ‘be warm, hot’
• Descendant
  • PLem *tpu‑

*terh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘drill, rub’
• Descendants
  • PLem *tarh‑
  • EHell *tér‑mi

*terh₃‑

• Gloss: ‘wound’
• Descendant
  • PLem *tarfk‑

*ters‑

• Gloss: ‘dry out, get thirsty’
• Descendants
  • PLem *tarns‑
  • PLem *tars‑

*tetk̑‑

• Gloss: ‘produce’
• Descendant
  • PLem *tethk‑

*teu̯h₂‑

• Gloss: ‘swell, become strong’
• Descendant
  • PLem *tū‑

*teu̯k‑ós

• Gloss: ‘seed, offspring’
• Descendant
  • PLem *tewh‑

*teu̯p‑

• Gloss: ‘push, hit’
• Ancestor: PIE *steu̯p‑
• Variant: form without s-mobile
• Descendant
  • EHell *túpt‑ō

*teu̯t‑éh₂

• Gloss: ‘people, tribe’
• Descendant
  • PLem *tews‑

*th₂eu̯s‑

• Gloss: ‘be silent’
• Descendant
  • PLem *txus‑

*tk̑ei̯‑

• Gloss: ‘dwell, farm’
• Descendants
  • PLem *taçj‑
  • PLem *tkisk‑

*t‑ód

• Gloss: ‘this, that’
• Descendant
  • PLem *t‑

*tpólh₁i‑s

• Gloss: ‘fortification’
• Descendants
  • PLem *tpolhj‑
  • EHell *tpóli‑s

*tréb‑s

• Gloss: ‘dwelling’
• Descendant
  • PLem *trew‑

*treh₃g̑‑

• Gloss: ‘gnaw through’
• Descendant
  • PLem *troçk‑

*tréi̯‑es

• Gloss: ‘three’
• Descendants
  • PIE *tri‑
  • PLem *trē‑

*tri‑

• Gloss: ‘three-’
• Ancestor: PIE *tréi̯‑es
• Irregularity: prefix form
• Descendant
  • PLem *tri‑

*tuh₂

• Gloss: ‘you [singular]’
• Descendant
  • EHell *tū

*tu̯em‑

• Gloss: ‘swell’
• Descendant
  • PLem *tum‑

*tu̯er‑

• Gloss: ‘drive’
• Descendant
  • PLem *dwarnw‑

*tu̯erh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘grasp’
• Descendant
  • PLem *dwarnh‑

*uper

• Gloss: ‘above’
• Descendants
  • PLem *ufer
  • EHell *huper

*upo

• Gloss: ‘below’
• Descendants
  • PLem *ufo
  • EHell *hupo

*u̯ai̯

• Gloss: ‘woe!’
• Descendant
  • PLem *wā

*u̯ebʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘weave, wrap around’
• Descendants
  • PLem *umpk‑
  • PLem *wemb‑
  • PLem *wiwb‑

*u̯ed‑

• Gloss: ‘well, gush’
• Descendants
  • PIE *u̯ódr̥
  • PLem *und‑

*u̯edʰ‑

• Gloss: ‘lead’
• Descendant
  • PLem *wend‑

*u̯eg̑‑

• Gloss: ‘lively, strong’
• Descendant
  • PLem *ūr‑

*u̯ei̯d‑

• Gloss: ‘see’
• Descendant
  • PLem *wind‑

*u̯éi̯k̑s‑eh₂

• Gloss: ‘mistletoe’
• Descendants
  • PLem *wēshs‑
  • PWald *gvéšš‑a

*u̯ekʷ‑

• Gloss: ‘say’
• Descendant
  • PLem *wiwh‑

*u̯erh₁‑

• Gloss: ‘say’
• Descendants
  • PIE *u̯érh₁‑dʰh₁‑om
  • PLem *warhk‑

*u̯érh₁‑dʰh₁‑om

• Gloss: ‘word’
• Ancestor: PIE *u̯erh₁‑
• Irregularity: nominalisation
• Descendant
  • PLem *werht‑

*u̯erh₃‑

• Gloss: ‘be hot, burn’
• Descendants
  • PIE *u̯érh₃‑tor‑s
  • PLem *warf‑

*u̯érh₃‑tor‑s

• Gloss: ‘fireplace, hearth’
• Ancestor: PIE *u̯erh₃‑
• Variant: event agent
• Descendant
  • PLem *werftor‑

*u̯érs

• Gloss: ‘male’
• Descendant
  • PLem *wēr‑

*u̯ē

• Gloss: ‘or’
• Descendant
  • EHell *wē

*u̯ih₁‑

• Gloss: ‘young, strong (man)’
• Descendant
  • PLem *wīr‑

*u̯i̯eth₂‑

• Gloss: ‘sway’
• Descendant
  • PLem *withx‑

*u̯ĺ̥kʷ‑eh₂

• Gloss: ‘she-wolf’
• Ancestor: PIE *u̯ĺ̥kʷ‑os
• Variant: feminine

*u̯ĺ̥kʷ‑os

• Gloss: ‘wolf’
• Descendants
  • PIE *u̯ĺ̥kʷ‑eh₂
  • PLem *walgw‑

*u̯ódr̥

• Gloss: ‘water [inanimate]’
• Ancestor: PIE *u̯ed‑
• Irregularity: deverbal noun
• Descendants
  • PLem *wozar‑
  • EHell *wódr̥

*u̯ósr̥

• Gloss: ‘spring’
• Descendant
  • PLem *wosar‑

*u̯reg‑

• Gloss: ‘follow (a trace)’
• Descendant
  • PLem *warks‑

*u̯rónk‑eh₂

• Gloss: ‘hand’
• Descendant
  • PLem *wronk‑

*u̯ŕ̥d‑om

• Gloss: ‘flower’
• Descendant
  • PWald *gvórd‑a

*u̯r̥dʰ‑ós

• Gloss: ‘word’
• Descendant
  • PLem *wardz‑