Multilingual etymological dictionary

a

• Gloss: ‘yes’
• Ancestor: Ghe a /a/
• Descendant
  • LMLem a

aa‑yr

• Gloss: ‘egg’
• Ancestor: Ghe āsh ̑‑ə̄ /ʌːɯː/

aacouRdd‑ar

• Gloss: ‘admiral, general’
• Ancestor: Ghe āshˇoəxᴛᴛˇ‑ā /ʌːʒɔ͜əʁd̠d̠ʌː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem àcòRdd‑ar

ayRcc‑ar

• Gloss: ‘monarch’
• Ancestor: Ghe aəxshshˡ‑ā /a͜əʁʒʒʌː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem àRcc‑ar

ayt‑a

• Gloss: ‘sew’
• Ancestor: Ghe aəᴛ‑a /a͜ət̠a/

ayts‑yr

• Gloss: ‘head’
• Ancestor: Ghe aəᴛ ̑‑ə̄ /a͜əɗ̠ɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem àts‑yr

aytsp‑yr

• Gloss: ‘morning’
• Ancestor: Ghe aəᴛsp‑ə̄ /a͜ət̠s̟pɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem àtsp‑yr

al‑a

• Gloss: ‘nourish, foster’
• Ancestor: OLem al‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendants
  • MLem al‑oerw‑yl
  • LMLem al‑a

al‑oerw‑yl

• Gloss: ‘help, lit. foster for some amount of time, foster to some extent’
• Constituents: MLem al‑a + oerw‑yl
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • LMLem alòrw‑yl

alg‑a

• Gloss: ‘calculate’
• Ancestor: OLem alg‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem alg‑a

algj‑a

• Gloss: ‘lay’
• Ancestor: OLem alggh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem algj‑a

algjw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘little, dear [term of endearment]’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
• Ancestor: OLem algghw‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem algjw‑yr

albw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘white’
• Ancestor: OLem albw‑
• Variant: [participle incl. adjective]
• Descendant
  • LMLem albw‑yr

alt‑yr

• Gloss: ‘heavy’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem alt‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem alt‑yr

alxw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘green’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
• Ancestor: OLem alxw‑
• Variant: [participle incl. adjective]
• Descendant
  • LMLem alxw‑yr

aRen‑yr

• Gloss: ‘monkey’
• Descendant
  • LMLem aRen‑yr

arg‑ar

• Gloss: ‘river’
• Ancestor: OLem arg‑
• Variant: [nominative noun]
• Descendants
  • MLem arg‑Ur‑yr
  • LMLem arg‑ar

arg‑Ur‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Dniester’
• Constituents: MLem arg‑ar + Ur‑yr
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • LMLem argUr‑yr

argw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘dark (colour)’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hargw‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem argw‑yr

ardz‑a

• Gloss: ‘emerge’
• Ancestor: OLem ardz‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem ardz‑a

art‑yr

• Gloss: ‘blood’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hart‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem art‑yr

arzg‑a

• Gloss: ‘braid’
• Ancestor: OLem arzg‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem arzg‑a

arxh‑yr

• Gloss: ‘seed’
• Ancestor: Ghe apxshʳ‑ə̄ /aʙʀ̥r̠̥ɯː/

arsk‑er

• Gloss: ‘area, ground’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem harsk‑
• Variant: [locative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem arsk‑er

an‑y‑yr

• Gloss: ‘cat-like > secretive’
• Ancestor: MLem an‑yr
• Variant: collective/abstract nominal
• Descendant
  • LMLem an‑yr

an‑yr

• Gloss: ‘cat’
• Ancestor: Ghe axʱ‑ə̄ /aɴɯː/
• Descendant
  • MLem an‑y‑yr

anr‑yl

• Gloss: ‘16’
• Connotation
  • A modifier plus a consonant ( ʱᴛ) is not allowed!
• Ancestor: Ghe asʱ‑ᴛʳ‑ə̄ /anr̠ɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem anr‑yl

angw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘dark’
• Connotation
• Ancestor: OLem angw‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]

angwnj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘hearth, gathering place around a hearth’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: content for container
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hangwnj‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem angwnj‑yr

anbnowdlz‑ar

• Gloss: ‘lieutenant’
• Ancestor: Ghe aspxʱofᴛsˡ‑ā /anbʱɴɔβd̠ˡz̟ʌː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem anbnowdlz‑ar

ankfr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘idle’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem ankfr‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem ankfr‑yr

adlif‑a

• Gloss: ‘coil’
• Ancestor: Ghe atˡifⁿ‑a /adˡɪɸa/
• Descendant
  • LMLem adlif‑a

adRR‑yr

• Gloss: ‘neck’
• Ancestor: Ghe atxxˡ‑ə̄ /adʁʁɯː/

abgc‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bitter’
• Ancestor: Ghe apqshˇ‑ə̄ /abɢʒɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem abgc‑yr

abwa‑yr

• Gloss: ‘soil’
• Ancestor: Ghe apˡa‑ə̄ /abʷa͜ɯː/

akn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘air’
• Ancestor: Ghe aqⁿ‑ə̄ /aqⁿɯː/
• Descendants
  • MLem akn‑wU‑yr
  • LMLem akn‑yr

akn‑wU‑yr

• Gloss: ‘fog’
• Constituents: MLem akn‑yr + wU‑yr
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • LMLem aknw‑yr

akx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘ship’
• Ancestor: Ghe aqx‑ə̄ /aqχɯː/
• Descendants
  • MLem jees‑akx‑yr
  • LMLem akx‑yr

atyxt‑ar

• Gloss: ‘prince’
• Ancestor: Ghe atəxᴛ‑ā /atəχt̠ʌː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem atyxt‑ar

ats‑yr

• Gloss: ‘gut’
• Ancestor: Ghe axt ̑‑ə̄ /aɗɯː/

aptf‑yr

• Gloss: ‘gold’
• Ancestor: Ghe aptf‑ə̄ /aptɸɯː/
• Descendants
  • MLem dOO‑aptf‑a
  • LMLem aptf‑yr

aweth‑yr

• Gloss: ‘scroll’
• Ancestor: Ghe afˡetsh‑ə̄ /aβɛtʃɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem aweth‑yr

axr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘male’
• Ancestor: OLem axr‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem axr‑yr

ahr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bed’
• Ancestor: Ghe ashpʳ‑ə̄ /ar̠̥ʙɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem ahr‑yr

ahkt‑yr

• Gloss: ‘black’
• Ancestor: Ghe ashqt‑ə̄ /aʃqtɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem ahkt‑yr

afo

• Gloss: ‘from’
• Ancestor: OLem afo
• Descendant
  • LMLem afo

afr‑a

• Gloss: ‘throw’
• Ancestor: Ghe afᴛʳ‑a /aʙ̥r̠a/

e

• Gloss: ‘no’
• Ancestor: Ghe e /ɛ/
• Descendant
  • LMLem e

eakf‑yr

• Gloss: ‘dust’
• Ancestor: Ghe eaqf‑ə̄ /ɛ͜aqɸɯː/

ee‑a

• Gloss: ‘laugh’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hē
• Irregularity: verbalisation
• Descendants
  • MLem ee‑xel‑a
  • LMLem è‑a

eeobd‑a

• Gloss: ‘bite’
• Ancestor: Ghe ēopxᴛˇ‑a /eː͜ɔbʁd̠a/

eengw‑a

• Gloss: ‘drink’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hēngw‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem èngw‑a

eend‑a

• Gloss: ‘speak gravely’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hēnd‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem ènd‑ar

ee‑xel‑a

• Gloss: ‘smile’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem ee‑a
• Variant: diminutive
• Descendant
  • LMLem èxel‑a

eesr‑a

• Gloss: ‘write’
• Ancestor: Ghe eestʳ‑a /ɛːr̥ra/
• Descendant
  • LMLem èsr‑a

eiayfst‑yr

• Gloss: ‘uranium, pitchblende (?)’
• Ancestor: Ghe eiaəfst‑ə̄ /ɛ͜ɪ͜a͜əɸs̟tɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem èàfst‑yr

eiyxtm‑a

• Gloss: ‘swell’
• Ancestor: Ghe eiəxᴛⁿ‑a /ɛ͜ɪ͜əχt̠ⁿa/

eig‑a

• Gloss: ‘blow’
• Ancestor: Ghe eiqˇ‑a /ɛ͜ɪɢa/

eid‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sheep’
• Ancestor: Ghe eiᴛʱ‑ə̄ /ɛ͜ɪd̠ʱɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem èd‑yr

eith‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sky’
• Ancestor: Ghe eitsh‑ə̄ /ɛ͜ɪtʃɯː/

eitf‑yr

• Gloss: ‘cloud’
• Ancestor: Ghe eitf‑ə̄ /ɛ͜ɪtɸɯː/

eisf‑a

• Gloss: ‘hide’
• Ancestor: Ghe eisf‑a /ɛ͜ɪs̟ɸa/
• Descendants
  • MLem fna‑eisf‑a
  • LMLem èsf‑a

eObd‑yr

• Gloss: ‘table’
• Ancestor: Ghe eöpᴛʱ‑ə̄ /ɛ͜œbʱd̠ʱɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem èbd‑yr

el‑yr

• Gloss: ‘El [monotheistic god]’
• Descendant
  • LMLem el‑yr

eRwR‑yr

• Gloss: ‘erratic, random’
• Ancestor: Ghe exfxˇ‑ə̄ /ɛʁβʁɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem eRwR‑yr

en

• Gloss: ‘between’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hen
• Descendant
  • LMLem en

engj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘armour’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: content for container
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hengj‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem engj‑yr

em‑a

• Gloss: ‘take’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hem‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem em‑a

egm‑yr

• Gloss: ‘louse’
• Ancestor: Ghe eqfʱ‑ə̄ /ɛɢʱmɯː/

etondb‑ar

• Gloss: ‘captain’
• Ancestor: Ghe etostpʱ‑ā /ɛtɔndʱbʱʌː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem etondb‑ar

etst‑yr

• Gloss: ‘silver’
• Ancestor: Ghe etsᴛ‑ə̄ /ɛts̟t̠ɯː/
• Descendants
  • MLem etst‑xaf‑yr
  • LMLem etst‑yr

etst‑xaf‑yr

• Gloss: ‘quicksilver’
• Constituents: MLem etst‑yr + xaf‑yr
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • LMLem etstxaf‑yr

ept‑a

• Gloss: ‘flow’
• Ancestor: Ghe ept‑a /ɛpta/

epx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘road’
• Ancestor: Ghe epx‑ə̄ /ɛpχɯː/

ecOO‑yr

• Gloss: ‘human’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hezhö‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem ecÒ‑yr

ecR‑yr

• Gloss: ‘root’
• Ancestor: Ghe eshxˇ‑ə̄ /ɛʒʁɯː/

ev‑a

• Gloss: ‘eat’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hedh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem ev‑a

eww‑yr

• Gloss: ‘meadow’
• Ancestor: Ghe effˇ‑ə̄ /ɛββɯː/

exr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘lake’
• Ancestor: Ghe exʳ‑ə̄ /ɛʀ̥ɯː/

ehw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘horse’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem heshw‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem ehw‑yr

esth‑yr

• Gloss: ‘male’
• Ancestor: Ghe estsh‑ə̄ /ɛs̟tʃɯː/

eqdj‑ar

• Gloss: ‘host’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metonymy: content for container
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hethdj‑
• Variant: [nominative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem eqdj‑ar

eqt‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sweetmeat’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem etht‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem eqt‑yr

efi‑yr

• Gloss: ‘dense’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hefi
• Irregularity: nominalisation
• Descendant
  • LMLem ef‑yr

y

• Gloss: ‘and’
• Ancestor: Ghe ə /ə/
• Descendant
  • LMLem y

yapsp‑yr

• Gloss: ‘belly’
• Ancestor: Ghe əapsp‑ə̄ /ə͜aps̟pɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem Ìpsp‑yr

yyassr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘goat’
• Ancestor: Ghe ə̄asspʳ‑ə̄ /ɯː͜ar̥r̥ʙɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem Ìassr‑yr

yyeptasst‑yr

• Gloss: ‘straight’
• Ancestor: Ghe ə̄eptasst‑ə̄ /ɯː͜ɛptas̟s̟tɯː/

yy‑yr

• Gloss: ‘rope’
• Ancestor: Ghe əəsx ̑‑ə̄ /əːɯː/

yykxk‑a

• Gloss: ‘stab’
• Ancestor: Ghe əəqxq‑a /əːqχqa/

yytm‑yr

• Gloss: ‘cow’
• Ancestor: Ghe ə̄tⁿ‑ə̄ /ɯːtⁿɯː/

yyts‑ar

• Gloss: ‘flatterer’
• Ancestor: Ghe əəᴛ ̑‑ə̄ /əːɗ̠ɯː/
• Irregularity: agent noun
• Descendant
  • LMLem Ìts‑ar

yyhf‑yr

• Gloss: ‘land’
• Ancestor: Ghe əəshf‑ə̄ /əːʃɸɯː/

yyfsr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘hollow’
• Ancestor: Ghe əəfsqʳ‑ə̄ /əːʙ̥r̥ʀɯː/

youbd‑yr

• Gloss: ‘cherry’
• Ancestor: Ghe əoəptˇ‑ə̄ /ə͜ɔ͜əbdɯː/

yRbw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘3/6’
• Ancestor: Ghe xpˡ‑ə̄ /ʁbʷɯː/
• Descendants
  • MLem xU‑yRbw‑yr
  • LMLem yRbw‑yr

yrkant‑yr

• Gloss: ‘crippled’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hyrkant‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem yrkant‑yr

yrsen‑yr

• Gloss: ‘male’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hyrsen‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem yrsen‑yr

yd‑yr

• Gloss: ‘identity’
• Ancestor: Ghe ətˇ‑ə̄ /ədɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem yd‑yr

ydykkx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘slipper’
• Ancestor: Ghe ətˇəqsq ̑‑ə̄ /ədəʛʛɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem ydykkx‑yr

ydlaystt‑yr

• Gloss: ‘lavender [colour]’
• Ancestor: Ghe əᴛˡaəstt‑ə̄ /əd̠ˡa͜əs̟ttɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem ydlàstt‑yr

ydl‑ar

• Gloss: ‘lens’
• Ancestor: Ghe ətˡ‑ā /ədˡʌː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem ydl‑ar

ydlz‑yr

• Gloss: ‘foot’
• Ancestor: Ghe əᴛsˡ‑ə̄ /əd̠ˡz̟ɯː/

ytf‑yr

• Gloss: ‘night’
• Ancestor: Ghe əᴛf‑ə̄ /ət̠ɸɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem ytf‑yr

ytfydlz‑yr

• Gloss: ‘forest’
• Ancestor: Ghe əᴛf‑əᴛsˡ‑ə̄ /ət̠ɸəd̠ˡz̟ɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem ytfydlz‑yr

ypx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sea’
• Ancestor: Ghe əpx‑ə̄ /əpχɯː/

yphkn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘orange’
• Ancestor: Ghe əpshqⁿ‑ə̄ /əpʃqⁿɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem yphkn‑yr

ycwc‑a

• Gloss: ‘evade’
• Ancestor: Ghe əshfshˡ‑a /əʒβʒa/
• Descendant
  • LMLem ycwc‑a

yz‑a

• Gloss: ‘crush’
• Ancestor: Ghe əsˇ‑a /əz̟a/
• Descendant
  • LMLem yz‑a

yxxfaftf‑yr

• Gloss: ‘pyrolusite’
• Ancestor: Ghe əxxfⁿafᴛf‑ə̄ /əχχɸaɸt̠ɸɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem yxxfaftf‑yr

yhtm‑yr

• Gloss: ‘hand’
• Ancestor: Ghe əshᴛⁿ‑ə̄ /əʃt̠ⁿɯː/

yhph‑yr

• Gloss: ‘salty’
• Ancestor: Ghe əshpshⁿ‑ə̄ /əʃpʃɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem yhph‑yr

yhh‑a

• Gloss: ‘mow (with a scythe or sickle)’
• Ancestor: Ghe əshshⁿ‑a /əʃʃa/
• Descendant
  • LMLem yhh‑a

yhs‑yl

• Gloss: ‘thirteen’
• Ancestor: Ghe əshs‑ə̄ /əʃs̟ɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem yhs‑yl

ysrywwdl‑yr

• Gloss: ‘adequate, functional’
• Ancestor: Ghe əsʳəffᴛˡ‑ə̄ /ər̥əββd̠ˡɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem ysrywwdl‑yr

ysp‑a

• Gloss: ‘rub’
• Ancestor: Ghe əsp‑a /əs̟pa/

yfophh‑a

• Gloss: ‘suck up to’
• Ancestor: Ghe əfopshshⁿ‑a /əɸɔpʃʃa/
• Descendant
  • LMLem yfophh‑a

ii‑a

• Gloss: ‘ask for, strive’
• Ancestor: OLem ī‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem ì‑a

iitayrh‑yr

• Gloss: ‘nickel (mineral?)’
• Ancestor: Ghe ītaəpshʳ‑ə̄ /iːta͜əʙr̠̥ɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem ìtàrh‑yr

iOwbw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘grass’
• Ancestor: Ghe iöfpˡ‑ə̄ /ɪ͜œβbʷɯː/

ilem‑yr

• Gloss: ‘mountain elm’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hilem‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem ilem‑yr

irhh‑a

• Gloss: ‘like’
• Ancestor: Ghe ipshshʳ‑a /ɪʙr̠̥r̠̥a/
• Descendant
  • LMLem irhh‑a

igjdl‑ar

• Gloss: ‘lord’
• Ancestor: Ghe iqᴛˡ‑ā /ɪɢˠd̠ˡʌː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem igjdl‑ar

idlwc‑a

• Gloss: ‘tie’
• Ancestor: Ghe iᴛfshˡ‑a /ɪd̠ˡβʒa/

it‑yr

• Gloss: ‘pig’
• Ancestor: Ghe it‑ə̄ /ɪtɯː/
• Descendant
  • MLem hit‑yr

ihk‑ar

• Gloss: ‘Moon’
• Ancestor: Ghe ishq‑ə̄ /ɪʃqɯː/
• Irregularity: [nominative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem ihk‑ar

ihkeOtm‑yr

• Gloss: ‘ninth (full) moon’
• Ancestor: Ghe ishq‑eöᴛⁿ‑ə̄ /ɪʃqɛ͜œt̠ⁿɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem ihkètm‑yr

ihwtree‑yr

• Gloss: ‘herd’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hishwtrē‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem ihwtrè‑yr

ihs‑yr

• Gloss: ‘wing’
• Ancestor: Ghe ishs‑ə̄ /ɪʃs̟ɯː/

isk‑a

• Gloss: ‘eat’
• Ancestor: Ghe isq‑a /ɪs̟qa/
• Descendant
  • LMLem isk‑a

istu‑a

• Gloss: ‘most’
• Descendant
  • LMLem ist‑a

isxar‑yr

• Gloss: ‘vitality, survival skills’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hisxar‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem isxar‑yr

o

• Gloss: ‘inclusive or’
• Ancestor: Ghe o /ɔ/
• Descendant
  • LMLem o

oayshs‑ar

• Gloss: ‘sergeant’
• Ancestor: Ghe oaəsshs‑ā /ɔ͜a͜əs̟ʃs̟ʌː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem òyshs‑ar

oadnm‑yr

• Gloss: ‘afternoon’
• Ancestor: Ghe oaᴛsfʱ‑ə̄ /ɔ͜ad̠ʱnmɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem òdnm‑yr

oatpf‑yr

• Gloss: ‘brave’
• Ancestor: Ghe oatpf‑ə̄ /ɔ͜atpɸɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem òtpf‑yr

oerw‑yl

• Gloss: ‘amount’
• Ancestor: Ghe oeᴛpʳ‑ə̄ /ɔ͜ɛr̠ʙɯː/
• Descendants
  • MLem al‑oerw‑yl
  • LMLem òrw‑yl

ooatts‑yr

• Gloss: ‘smooth’
• Ancestor: Ghe ōashtt ̑‑ə̄ /oː͜aɗɗɯː/

oo‑yr

• Gloss: ‘arm’
• Ancestor: Ghe ōs ̑‑ə̄ /oːɯː/

ooOkfx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘mouth’
• Ancestor: Ghe ōöqfx‑ə̄ /oː͜œqɸχɯː/

oolxoula‑yr

• Gloss: ‘giraffe’
• Connotation
  • Ending not implemented yet!
• Ancestor: OTroy ωλχολα‑ς /oːlˈxo͜ulas/
• Descendant
  • LMLem òlxòl‑yr

oodlaph‑yr

• Gloss: ‘stick’
• Ancestor: Ghe ōᴛˡapsh‑ə̄ /oːd̠ˡapʃɯː/

ooc‑a

• Gloss: ‘annoy’
• Ancestor: Ghe ōshˡ‑a /oːʒa/
• Descendant
  • LMLem òc‑a

ouraphh‑a

• Gloss: ‘breathe’
• Ancestor: Ghe oəqʳapshsh‑a /ɔ͜əʀapʃʃa/

oum‑yl

• Gloss: ‘eleven’
• Ancestor: Ghe oəfʱ‑ə̄ /ɔ͜əmɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem òm‑yl

outtm‑a

• Gloss: ‘greet’
• Ancestor: Ghe oətᴛⁿ‑a /ɔ͜ətt̠ⁿa/

ol‑yr

• Gloss: ‘needle, sting’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hol‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • MLem ol‑piip‑yr

oliw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘lead’
• Descendant
  • LMLem oliw‑yr

ol‑piip‑yr

• Gloss: ‘scorpion’
• Constituents: MLem ol‑yr + piip‑yr
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • LMLem olpìp‑yr

oRw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘hound’
• Ancestor: Ghe oxfˇ‑ə̄ /ɔʁβɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem oRw‑yr

ogb‑yr

• Gloss: ‘meek; loathing’
• Ancestor: Ghe oqpʱ‑ə̄ /ɔɢʱbʱɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem ogb‑yr

ob‑yl

• Gloss: ‘fourteen’
• Ancestor: Ghe opˇ‑ə̄ /ɔbɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem ob‑yl

obR‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sand’
• Ancestor: Ghe opxˇ‑ə̄ /ɔbʁɯː/

okf‑a

• Gloss: ‘fight’
• Ancestor: Ghe oqf‑a /ɔqɸa/
• Descendant
  • LMLem okf‑a

otykpf‑yr

• Gloss: ‘high-born daughter’
• Ancestor: Ghe otəqshp ̑‑ə̄ /ɔtəʛɓɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem otykpf‑yr

otk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘chicken’
• Ancestor: Ghe otq‑ə̄ /ɔtqɯː/
• Descendant
  • MLem fOOs‑otk‑yr

ots‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Lemizh’
• Ancestor: Ghe otshf ̑‑ə̄ /ɔɗɯː/

otfx‑a

• Gloss: ‘suck’
• Ancestor: Ghe otfx‑a /ɔtɸχa/

oxxs‑yr

• Gloss: ‘cheese’
• Ancestor: Ghe oxxsⁿ‑ə̄ /ɔχχs̟ɯː/

oxh‑yr

• Gloss: ‘joke’
• Ancestor: Ghe oxsh‑ə̄ /ɔχʃɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem oxh‑yr

ohr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘tax’
• Ancestor: Ghe oshʳ‑ə̄ /ɔr̠̥ɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem ohr‑yr

os‑yr

• Gloss: ‘skin’
• Ancestor: Ghe osⁿ‑ə̄ /ɔs̟ɯː/

ofr‑a

• Gloss: ‘bind’
• Ancestor: Ghe ofʳ‑a /ɔʙ̥a/

O

• Gloss: ‘exclusive or’
• Ancestor: Ghe ö /œ/
• Descendant
  • LMLem O

OOytkt‑yr

• Gloss: ‘saros (a time span of about 18 years)’
• Ancestor: Ghe ȫətqᴛ‑ə̄ /øː͜ətqt̠ɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem Òytkt‑yr

OOr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘buttocks’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hör‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]

OOn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘lonely’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for place
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hön‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem Òn‑yr

OOnkyrt‑ar

• Gloss: ‘Lone Runner (the God of trade)’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hönkyrt‑
• Variant: [nominative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem Ònkyrt‑ar

OOm‑yr

• Gloss: ‘shoulder blade’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem höm‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]

OU‑a

• Gloss: ‘wipe’
• Ancestor: Ghe öifsh ̑‑a /œ͜ɪa/
• Descendant
  • LMLem Ò‑a

OUdl‑a

• Gloss: ‘dig’
• Ancestor: Ghe öitˡ‑a /œ͜ɪdˡa/
• Descendant
  • LMLem Òdl‑ar

OUktx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sharp’
• Ancestor: Ghe öiqᴛx‑ə̄ /œ͜ɪqt̠χɯː/

Or‑yr

• Gloss: ‘fog’
• Ancestor: Ghe öqʳ‑ə̄ /œʀɯː/

Oktp‑yr

• Gloss: ‘snake’
• Ancestor: Ghe öqᴛp‑ə̄ /œqt̠pɯː/

Otm‑yr

• Gloss: ‘wet’
• Ancestor: Ghe öᴛⁿ‑ə̄ /œt̠ⁿɯː/

Otxx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sour’
• Ancestor: Ghe ötxx‑ə̄ /œtχχɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem Otxx‑yr

Opfeihtt‑yr

• Gloss: ‘number’
• Ancestor: Ghe öp ̑eishᴛt‑ə̄ /œɓɛ͜ɪʃt̠tɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem Opfèhtt‑yr

Opfebynb‑yr

• Gloss: ‘mother’
• Ancestor: Ghe öp ̑epxpʱ‑ə̄ /œɓɛbʱɴbʱɯː/

Ow‑yr

• Gloss: ‘ant’
• Ancestor: Ghe öfˡ‑ə̄ /œβɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem Ow‑yr

Oxptm‑yr

• Gloss: ‘hail’
• Ancestor: Ghe öxpᴛⁿ‑ə̄ /œχpt̠ⁿɯː/

Oxhx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘blood’
• Ancestor: Ghe öxshx‑ə̄ /œχʃχɯː/

Ohahss‑yr

• Gloss: ‘power’
• Ancestor: Ghe öshashssⁿ‑ə̄ /œʃaʃs̟s̟ɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem Ohahss‑yr

Osayspt‑ar

• Gloss: ‘minister’
• Ancestor: Ghe ösaəspt‑ā /œs̟a͜əs̟ptʌː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem Osàspt‑ar

Osh‑a

• Gloss: ‘read’
• Ancestor: Ghe össhⁿ‑a /œs̟ʃa/
• Descendant
  • LMLem Osh‑a

umpk‑a

• Gloss: ‘understand’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem umpk‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem umpk‑a

ujr‑a

• Gloss: ‘roar’
• Descendant
  • LMLem ujr‑a

uxtree‑yr

• Gloss: ‘home’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem huhtrē‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem uxtrè‑yr

uxsor‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Lady Love’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem huhsor‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem uxsor‑yr

usw‑a

• Gloss: ‘enjoy’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem husw‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem usw‑a

uf

• Gloss: ‘above’
• Ancestor: OLem uf
• Descendant
  • LMLem uf

ufpalx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sky’
• Ancestor: OLem uf‑palx‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem ufpalx‑yr

Ur‑yr

• Gloss: ‘right [direction]’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: effect/purpose for cause/motive
• Ancestor: OLem ür‑
• Variant: [participle incl. adjective]
• Descendants
  • MLem arg‑Ur‑yr
  • LMLem Ur‑yr

l‑a

• Gloss: ‘do’
• Ancestor: Ghe ᴛˡ‑a /d̠ˡa/
• Descendant
  • LMLem l‑a

langmr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘dragonfly’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (weakening, hardening, concretising)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hlangmr‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem langmr‑yr

leer‑yr

• Gloss: ‘lip’
• Connotation
  • Local narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem lēr‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem lèr‑yr

leeng‑yr

• Gloss: ‘spoon’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: message for sender
• Ancestor: OLem lēng‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem lèng‑yr

leemin‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Lemizh’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem lēmin‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem lèmin‑yr

leeb‑ar

• Gloss: ‘flower(ing plant)’
• Connotation
  • Softening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem lēb‑
• Variant: [nominative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem lèb‑ar

leex‑a

• Gloss: ‘shine’
• Ancestor: OLem lēh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendants
  • MLem leeqx‑yr
  • LMLem lèx‑ar

leexecOO‑yr

• Gloss: ‘fairy’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem lēh‑hezhö‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem lèxecÒ‑yr

leeq‑yr

• Gloss: ‘warm part of the year’
• Ancestor: OLem lēth‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • MLem leeqx‑yr

leeqx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘warm part of the year’
• Constituents: MLem leeq‑yr + leex‑a
• Variant: contamination
• Descendant
  • LMLem lèqx‑yr

lei‑yr

• Gloss: ‘louse’
• Ancestor: OLem lei‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem lè‑yr

lek‑a

• Gloss: ‘jump’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem lek‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem lek‑a

lew‑yr

• Gloss: ‘lion’
• Connotation
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
• Ancestor: OLem lew‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem lew‑yr

l‑yl

• Gloss: ‘several’
• Ancestor: Ghe ᴛˡ‑ə̄ /d̠ˡɯː/

li‑yr

• Gloss: ‘tea’
• Ancestor: OTroy ϲλι‑α /ˈhlia/

liin‑a

• Gloss: ‘trace’
• Ancestor: OLem līn‑
• Variant: [verb]

lingj‑a

• Gloss: ‘house’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: content for container
• Ancestor: OLem lingj‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem lingj‑a

lingjwont‑yr

• Gloss: ‘window’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem lingj‑hwont‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem lingjwont‑yr

lingjfOOs‑yr

• Gloss: ‘portal, front door’
• Ancestor: OLem lingj‑fös‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem lingjfÒs‑yr

lint‑a

• Gloss: ‘touch’
• Ancestor: OLem lint‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem lint‑a

liceend‑yr

• Gloss: ‘summary’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem lizh‑hēnd‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem licènd‑yr

liqk‑a

• Gloss: ‘race’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem lithk‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem liqk‑a

loxw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘temple’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
• Ancestor: OLem lohw‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem loxw‑yr

lung‑a

• Gloss: ‘break by bending’
• Ancestor: OLem lung‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem lung‑a

lumb‑yr

• Gloss: ‘boyfriend, girlfriend’
• Ancestor: OLem lumb‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem lumb‑yr

luxsj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘lynx’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: content for container
• Ancestor: OLem luhsj‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem luxsj‑yr

lufr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘skin, peel’
• Ancestor: OLem lufr‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem lufr‑yr

lufw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘clean’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
• Ancestor: OLem lufw‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem lufw‑yr

lz‑yr

• Gloss: ‘green’
• Ancestor: Ghe ᴛsˡ‑ə̄ /d̠ˡz̟ɯː/
• Descendant
  • MLem lz‑ir

lz‑ir

• Gloss: ‘spring’
• Ancestor: MLem lz‑yr
• Irregularity: temporal noun
• Descendant
  • LMLem lz‑ir

Rarj‑ar

• Gloss: ‘colour’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem gharj‑
• Variant: [nominative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem Rarj‑ar

Ran‑yr

• Gloss: ‘goose’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem xan‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem Ran‑yr

Rangwj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘snake’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metonymy: content for container
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem xangwj‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem Rangwj‑yr

Rand‑a

• Gloss: ‘digress’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem ghand‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem Rand‑a

Randz‑a

• Gloss: ‘thrive, prosper’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem xandz‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem Randz‑a

Rankt‑a

• Gloss: ‘command’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem xankt‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem Rankt‑a

Rant‑yr

• Gloss: ‘shoulder’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem xanht‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem Rant‑yr

Ranp‑a

• Gloss: ‘ashamed’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem xanp‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem Ranp‑a

Ranxt‑yr

• Gloss: ‘duck’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem xanxt‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem Ranxt‑yr

Reeg‑yr

• Gloss: ‘soul’
• Connotations
  • Softening narrowing
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem ghēg‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem Règ‑yr

Reng‑a

• Gloss: ‘live’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem xing‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem Reng‑a

Renb‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bag’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem ghenb‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem Renb‑yr

R‑yr

• Gloss: ‘each’
• Ancestor: Ghe xˇ‑ə̄ /ʁɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem R‑yr

Rynar‑yr

• Gloss: ‘peace’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem xynar‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem Rynar‑yr

Ryndzont‑yr

• Gloss: ‘plant, something growing’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem xyndzont‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem Ryndzont‑yr

Rozw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘road, street’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem ghozw‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem Rozw‑yr

Rostxj‑er

• Gloss: ‘strange lands’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: content for container
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem ghostxj‑
• Variant: [locative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem Rostxj‑er

ree‑a

• Gloss: ‘urge, force’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hrē‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem rè‑a

reedmyn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘meteorite iron’
• Connotations
  • Softening narrowing
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hrēdmyn‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem rèdmyn‑yr

rentk‑a

• Gloss: ‘tackle confidently’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem rentk‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem rentk‑a

ret‑a

• Gloss: ‘steer’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem ret‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem ret‑a

repkongj‑ar

• Gloss: ‘tortoise’
• Ancestor: OLem rep‑konggh‑
• Variant: [nominative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem repkongj‑ar

reqk‑a

• Gloss: ‘meet’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem rethk‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem reqk‑a

r‑yr

• Gloss: ‘one’
• Ancestor: Ghe ᴛʳ‑ə̄ /r̠ɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem r‑yr

rink‑a

• Gloss: ‘tear, break’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hrink‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem rink‑a

ribR‑yr

• Gloss: ‘leaf’
• Ancestor: Ghe pʳipxˇ‑ə̄ /ʙɪbʁɯː/

rOOs‑yr

• Gloss: ‘dew’
• Ancestor: OLem rös‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem rÒs‑yr

rundr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘red’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hrundr‑
• Variant: [participle incl. adjective]
• Descendant
  • LMLem rundr‑yr

runp‑a

• Gloss: ‘break, snap’
• Ancestor: OLem runp‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem runp‑a

nanw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘habit(ual)’
• Ancestor: OLem n‑anw‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem nanw‑yr

namr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘valley’
• Ancestor: OLem namr‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem namr‑yr

nas‑yr

• Gloss: ‘nose’
• Ancestor: OLem nas‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem nas‑yr

ne‑a

• Gloss: ‘not’
• Ancestor: OLem ne‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendants
  • MLem mit‑ne‑a
  • MLem pif‑ne‑a
  • LMLem n‑a

nee‑yl

• Gloss: ‘nine’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hnē‑
• Variant: [numeral (plural only)]
• Descendant
  • LMLem nè‑yl

neenii‑a

• Gloss: ‘run’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: message for sender
• Ancestor: OLem nēnī‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem nènì‑a

neezdwor‑a

• Gloss: ‘become acquainted, get to know’
• Ancestor: OLem nēz‑dwor‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem nèzdwor‑a

neRwas‑yr

• Gloss: ‘tired’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem nighwas‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem neRwas‑yr

nem‑a

• Gloss: ‘tilt’
• Ancestor: OLem nem‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem nem‑a

nemb‑a

• Gloss: ‘burst, tear’
• Ancestor: OLem nemb‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem nemb‑a

nezd‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bird’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem nizd‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem nezd‑yr

nefos‑yr

• Gloss: ‘descendant’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem nifos‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem nefos‑yr

nefton‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Nephew of the Waters’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem nifton‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem nefton‑yr

numan‑yr

• Gloss: ‘name’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hnuman‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]

nuxwat‑yr

• Gloss: ‘night’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem nuhwat‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]

malngw‑a

• Gloss: ‘hinder, restrain’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem malngw‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem malngw‑a

maltk‑a

• Gloss: ‘melt’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem maltk‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem maltk‑a

marnk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘insect, pest’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem marnk‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem marnk‑yr

margjw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘short-tempered’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
• Ancestor: OLem margjw‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem margjw‑yr

manw‑a

• Gloss: ‘affection’
• Connotation
  • Softening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem manw‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem manw‑a

mazd‑yr

• Gloss: ‘fat’
• Ancestor: OLem mazd‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem mazd‑yr

mee‑a

• Gloss: ‘change’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: message for sender
• Ancestor: OLem mē‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem mè‑a

meem‑yr

• Gloss: ‘meat, flesh’
• Ancestor: OLem mēm‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendants
  • MLem skarp‑meem‑ar
  • LMLem mèm‑yr

meexk‑a

• Gloss: ‘lie’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem mēçk‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem mèxk‑a

mees‑yr

• Gloss: ‘child (of someone)’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem mēsir‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Irregularity: haplology
• Descendant
  • LMLem mès‑yr

meesur‑yr

• Gloss: ‘fly’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem mēsur‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem mèsur‑yr

meimun‑yr

• Gloss: ‘monkey’
• Ancestor: OTroy μιμῡν‑ς /ˈme͜imuːns/
• Descendant
  • LMLem mèmun‑yr

mec‑yr

• Gloss: ‘fill’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem mezhk‑
• Variant: [participle incl. adjective]
• Descendant
  • LMLem mec‑yr

mev‑yr

• Gloss: ‘wise’
• Ancestor: OLem medh‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem mev‑yr

milivev‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bear’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem milidhhedh‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem milivev‑yr

miliv‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sweet’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem milidh‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem miliv‑yr

minesw‑el‑yr

• Gloss: ‘moth’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem minesw‑yr
• Variant: diminutive
• Descendant
  • LMLem mineswel‑yr

minesw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘owl’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem minesw‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendants
  • MLem minesw‑el‑yr
  • LMLem minesw‑yr

mindu‑yr

• Gloss: ‘mead’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem mindu‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem mind‑yr

mindudarw‑a

• Gloss: ‘gather for entertainment’
• Ancestor: OLem mindu‑darw‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem mindudarw‑a

mimal‑yl

• Gloss: ‘separate [nominal]’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem mimalk‑
• Variant: [numeral (plural only)]
• Descendant
  • LMLem mimal‑yl

mit‑a

• Gloss: ‘wake’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem mit‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • MLem mit‑ne‑a

mit‑ne‑a

• Gloss: ‘sleep’
• Constituents: MLem mit‑a + ne‑a
• Variant: compound
• Descendants
  • MLem mitne‑el‑yr
  • LMLem mitn‑a

mitne‑el‑yr

• Gloss: ‘temple (region of skull)’
• Ancestor: MLem mit‑ne‑a
• Variant: diminutive
• Irregularity: nominalisation
• Descendant
  • LMLem mitnèl‑yr

mizdz‑yr

• Gloss: ‘reward, payment’
• Ancestor: OLem mizdz‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem mizdz‑yr

mizt‑yr

• Gloss: ‘reward’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem mizt‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem mizt‑yr

mih‑a

• Gloss: ‘sort’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem mihk‑a
• Irregularity: back formation
• Descendant
  • LMLem mih‑a

mihk‑a

• Gloss: ‘mix’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem mishk‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendants
  • MLem mih‑a
  • LMLem mihk‑yr

mihkont‑ar

• Gloss: ‘healer (one mixing potions)’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem mishkont‑
• Variant: [nominative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem mihkont‑ar

miqk‑a

• Gloss: ‘opportunity’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem mithk‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem miqk‑a

miqxpe‑ar

• Gloss: ‘star’
• Connotation
  • Factive narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem mithxpeir‑
• Variant: [nominative noun]
• Irregularity: haplology
• Descendant
  • LMLem miqxp‑ar

mifont‑yr

• Gloss: ‘plant, fungus’
• Ancestor: OLem mifont‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem mifont‑yr

morwj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘anthill’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: content for container
• Ancestor: OLem morwj‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem morwj‑yr

muri‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sea’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem muri‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem mur‑yr

musan‑a

• Gloss: ‘keep safe’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem musanh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem musan‑a

mUs‑yr

• Gloss: ‘mouse’
• Ancestor: OLem müs‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem mUs‑yr

mleexmyn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘thing spoken’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem mlēxmyn‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem mlèxmyn‑yr

mnask‑a

• Gloss: ‘think’
• Ancestor: OLem mnask‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem mnask‑a

gar‑a

• Gloss: ‘sound, call’
• Ancestor: OLem gar‑
• Variant: [verb]

garbw‑a

• Gloss: ‘carve’
• Ancestor: OLem garbw‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem garbw‑a

garxn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘grain’
• Ancestor: OLem garxn‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem garxn‑yr

gan‑a

• Gloss: ‘sing’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem kan‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gan‑a

gabl‑yr

• Gloss: ‘fork’
• Connotation
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
• Ancestor: PCelt *gábl‑ā
• Descendant
  • LMLem gabl‑yr

geer‑a

• Gloss: ‘make old, mature’
• Ancestor: OLem gēr‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gèr‑yr

geed‑yr

• Gloss: ‘whale, sea monster’
• Ancestor: OTroy κητ‑ος /ˈɡeːdos/
• Descendant
  • LMLem gèd‑yr

geexmyn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘servant’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem gēxmyn‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gèxmyn‑yr

genman‑yr

• Gloss: ‘offspring, seed’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem ginhman‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem genman‑yr

gecan‑a

• Gloss: ‘produce’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem gizhanh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gecan‑a

gyrter‑yr

• Gloss: ‘chicken’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem gyrter‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gyrter‑yr

gom

• Gloss: ‘outside’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem kom
• Descendant
  • LMLem gom

gomem‑yr

• Gloss: ‘qualities, abilities (of someone)’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem kom‑hem‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gomem‑yr

gunu‑yr

• Gloss: ‘corner’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem gunu‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gun‑yr

gundr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘good’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem kundr‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gundr‑yr

guxl‑yr

• Gloss: ‘antimony [from Akkadian]’
• Ancestor: OLem guxl‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem guxl‑yr

gUmin‑a

• Gloss: ‘pray, call upon’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem gümin‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gUmin‑a

gmru‑yr

• Gloss: ‘warm’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (weakening, hardening, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem gmru‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gmr‑yr

gj‑yl

• Gloss: ‘fifteen’
• Ancestor: Ghe qˡ‑ə̄ /ɢˠɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem gj‑yl

gjingung‑a

• Gloss: ‘make harmless trickeries, cheat’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem gjingung‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gjingung‑a

gjisor‑a

• Gloss: ‘welcome, show respect’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem gjisor‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gjisor‑a

gwal‑a

• Gloss: ‘blaze’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem gwalh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gwal‑a

gwaln‑a

• Gloss: ‘grind’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem gwalnh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gwaln‑a

gwalp‑yr

• Gloss: ‘cup’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem gwalp‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gwalp‑yr

gwas‑yr

• Gloss: ‘cheese’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem gwas‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gwas‑yr

gweel‑yr

• Gloss: ‘coal’
• Ancestor: OLem gwēl‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gwèl‑yr

gwer‑a

• Gloss: ‘knife’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem gwer‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gwer‑a

gwen‑yr

• Gloss: ‘woman’
• Ancestor: OLem gwen‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]

gweml‑yr

• Gloss: ‘wheel, circle’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (weakening, hardening, concretising)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem gweml‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]

gwet‑a

• Gloss: ‘teach’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem gwet‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gwet‑a

gwehh‑a

• Gloss: ‘trick’
• Connotations
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: OLem gweshsh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gwehh‑a

gw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘someone, anyone’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem gw‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gw‑yr

gwiiblu‑a

• Gloss: ‘be well, healthy, in good shape’
• Ancestor: OLem gwī‑blu‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gwìbl‑a

gwiru‑yr

• Gloss: ‘skewer, spear’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem gwiru‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gwir‑yr

gwisk‑ar

• Gloss: ‘careful’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem gwisk‑
• Variant: [nominative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gwisk‑ar

gwiq‑yl

• Gloss: ‘four’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem gwith‑
• Variant: [numeral (plural only)]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gwiq‑yl

gwou‑yr

• Gloss: ‘cow’
• Ancestor: OLem gwou‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gwò‑yr

gword‑yr

• Gloss: ‘rose’
• Connotation
  • Softening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem gword‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gword‑yr

gwon‑ar

• Gloss: ‘eager’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem gwon‑
• Variant: [nominative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gwon‑ar

gwOOl‑yr

• Gloss: ‘neck’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem gwöl‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem gwÒl‑yr

dal‑ar

• Gloss: ‘sword’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem dalh‑
• Variant: [nominative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem dal‑ar

darngj‑a

• Gloss: ‘hold (fast)’
• Ancestor: OLem darnggh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem darngj‑a

darw‑a

• Gloss: ‘dance’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Weakening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem darw‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem darw‑a

danouj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Danube’
• Connotation
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
• Ancestor: PCelt *danouy‑ós
• Descendant
  • LMLem danòj‑yr

dans‑yr

• Gloss: ‘adept, confident’
• Ancestor: OLem dans‑
• Variant: [participle incl. adjective]
• Descendant
  • LMLem dans‑yr

damk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘brick’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem damk‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem damk‑yr

dap‑yr

• Gloss: ‘flour’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem dap‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem dap‑yr

daxt‑a

• Gloss: ‘must’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem daçt‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem daxt‑a

deequr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘shiny, yellow’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem dēthur‑
• Variant: [participle incl. adjective]
• Descendant
  • LMLem dèqur‑yr

demt‑a

• Gloss: ‘see’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (weakening, hardening, concretising)
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem demt‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem demt‑a

dyrkterengj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘thimble’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem dyrkter‑hengj‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem dyrkterengj‑yr

dyrkter‑yr

• Gloss: ‘finger’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem dyrkter‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem dyrkter‑yr

dyngwee‑yr

• Gloss: ‘tongue’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem dyngwē‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem dyngwè‑yr

diaaraa‑yr

• Gloss: ‘tiara’
• Ancestor: OTroy τιᾱρᾱ‑ς /dˈiaːraːs/
• Descendant
  • LMLem dìarà‑yr

div‑a

• Gloss: ‘bind’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem didhh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem div‑a

dih‑yl

• Gloss: ‘ten’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem dish‑
• Variant: [numeral (plural only)]
• Descendant
  • LMLem dih‑yl

doubee‑yr

• Gloss: ‘carpet, rug’
• Ancestor: OTroy ταπη‑ς /ˈda͜ubeːs/
• Descendant
  • LMLem dòbè‑yr

dOO‑a

• Gloss: ‘give’
• Ancestor: OLem dö‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendants
  • MLem dOO‑aptf‑a
  • LMLem dÒ‑a

dOO‑aptf‑a

• Gloss: ‘pay’
• Constituents: MLem dOO‑a + aptf‑yr
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • LMLem dÒaptf‑a

dOOmyn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bowl’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem dömyn‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem dÒmyn‑yr

duru‑yr

• Gloss: ‘wood (material)’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem duru‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem dur‑yr

durul‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bush’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem durul‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem durul‑yr

duruzd‑yr

• Gloss: ‘stool, chair’
• Ancestor: OLem duru‑zd‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem duruzd‑yr

dux‑a

• Gloss: ‘pull’
• Ancestor: OLem duh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem dux‑a

dluxw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘tasty’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
• Ancestor: OLem dluhw‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem dluxw‑yr

drep‑ir

• Gloss: ‘midge biting season’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem drep‑
• Variant: [temporal noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem drep‑ir

drou‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Troy’
• Ancestor: OTroy τροι‑α /ˈdroia/
• Descendant
  • LMLem drò‑yr

drnu‑a

• Gloss: ‘run’
• Ancestor: OLem drnu‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem drn‑a

djeemyn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘idea’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem djēmyn‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem djèmyn‑yr

djei‑yr

• Gloss: ‘day’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
• Ancestor: OLem djei‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendants
  • MLem djei‑qif‑yr
  • LMLem djè‑yr

djeipys‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Father Sky’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem djeipysir‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Irregularity: haplology
• Descendant
  • LMLem djèpys‑yr

djei‑qif‑yr

• Gloss: ‘week’
• Constituents: MLem djei‑yr + qif‑yl
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • LMLem djèqif‑yr

dzingom‑yr

• Gloss: ‘soil’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem dzingom‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem dzingom‑yr

dzingmees‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Mother Earth’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem dzingmēsir‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Irregularity: haplology
• Descendant
  • LMLem dzingmès‑yr

dzingswiv‑yr

• Gloss: ‘mole, mole hill’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem dzingswidh‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]

dziskont‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Seedputter (the God of agriculture)’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem dziskont‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem dziskont‑yr

dw‑a

• Gloss: ‘move about’
• Connotations
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem dw‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem dw‑a

dwarn‑a

• Gloss: ‘marry’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem dwarnh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem dwarn‑a

dwarnw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘enthusiasm’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem dwarnw‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem dwarnw‑yr

dwant‑a

• Gloss: ‘shatter’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Softening narrowing
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem dwant‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem dwant‑a

dwaxner‑ar

• Gloss: ‘nomad’
• Ancestor: OLem dwa‑xner‑
• Variant: [nominative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem dwaxner‑ar

dwijeem‑yr

• Gloss: ‘twin’
• Ancestor: OLem dwijēm‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem dwijèm‑yr

dwor‑a

• Gloss: ‘pasture gate’
• Connotation
  • Weakening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem dwor‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem dwor‑a

dwOO‑yl

• Gloss: ‘two’
• Ancestor: OLem dwö‑
• Variant: [numeral (plural only)]
• Descendant
  • LMLem dwÒ‑yl

bark‑yr

• Gloss: ‘dwarf’
• Ancestor: OLem bark‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem bark‑yr

babj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘parrot’
• Ancestor: OTroy παπγ‑α /ˈbabɰa/
• Descendant
  • LMLem babj‑yr

bax‑a

• Gloss: ‘backtopoint’
• Irregularity: allegedly from the name of a philosopher who kept reminding his colleagues to stick to the topic at hand
• Descendant
  • LMLem bax‑a

bebeiri‑yr

• Gloss: ‘pepper (Piper nigrum)’
• Ancestor: OTroy πεπερι /beˈbe͜ari/
• Descendant
  • LMLem bebèr‑yr

b‑yr

• Gloss: ‘female’
• Ancestor: Ghe pˇ‑ə̄ /bɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem b‑yr

bybil‑a

• Gloss: ‘bless’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem bybil‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem bybil‑a

bodaragn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘drum’
• Connotation
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
• Ancestor: PCelt *bodar‑ágn‑os
• Descendant
  • LMLem bodaragn‑yr

blu‑yr

• Gloss: ‘strong’
• Ancestor: OLem blu‑
• Variant: [participle incl. adjective]
• Descendant
  • LMLem bl‑yr

blUrdz‑a

• Gloss: ‘shout, curse’
• Connotation
  • Factive narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem blürdz‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem blUrdz‑a

bw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘4/6’
• Ancestor: Ghe pˡ‑ə̄ /bʷɯː/
• Descendants
  • MLem xU‑bw‑yr
  • LMLem bw‑yr

bwyrgjent‑yr

• Gloss: ‘the High One (Goddess of spring)’
• Connotations
  • Unsupported ending! Use root for verbs.
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem bwyrgjent‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem bwyrgjent‑yr

bwimbii‑yr

• Gloss: ‘fear [noun]’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem bwimbī‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem bwimbì‑yr

k‑a

• Gloss: ‘opposition’
• Ancestor: Ghe q‑a /qa/
• Descendants
  • MLem txut‑k‑a
  • LMLem k‑a

kaut‑yr

• Gloss: ‘cat’
• Descendant
  • LMLem kàt‑yr

kalp‑a

• Gloss: ‘steal’
• Ancestor: OLem kalp‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem kalp‑a

kart‑a

• Gloss: ‘hunt’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem kart‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem kart‑a

karw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘carnyx (musical instrument)’
• Connotation
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
• Ancestor: PCelt *karw‑ós
• Descendant
  • LMLem karw‑yr

karxn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘horn’
• Ancestor: OLem karxn‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem karxn‑yr

karst‑yr

• Gloss: ‘throat’
• Ancestor: OLem karst‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem karst‑yr

kazw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘troubled’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
• Ancestor: OLem kazw‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]

kafr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘goat > intelligent’
• Ancestor: OLem kafr‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem kafr‑yr

kafk‑a

• Gloss: ‘seize’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem kafk‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem kafk‑a

keem‑a

• Gloss: ‘announce, praise’
• Ancestor: OLem kēm‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem kèm‑a

keexk‑a

• Gloss: ‘regret’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem kēhk‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem kèxk‑a

kei‑a

• Gloss: ‘wobble, swing’
• Ancestor: OLem kei‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem kè‑a

keras‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sweet cherry (tree)’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem kiras‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem keras‑yr

kerd‑ar

• Gloss: ‘heart, beat’
• Ancestor: OLem kerd‑
• Variant: [nominative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem kerd‑ar

kejgj‑a

• Gloss: ‘well’
• Ancestor: OLem keghggh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem kejgj‑a

kehev‑a

• Gloss: ‘call’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem kishidh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem kehev‑a

kesman‑yr

• Gloss: ‘tail’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem kisman‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem kesman‑yr

kesmUs‑yr

• Gloss: ‘squirrel’
• Ancestor: OLem kes‑müs‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem kesmUs‑yr

kyfus‑yr

• Gloss: ‘brain’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem kyfus‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem kyfus‑yr

korj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘male association’
• Ancestor: OLem korj‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem korj‑yr

kurtree‑yr

• Gloss: ‘war’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem kurtrē‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem kurtrè‑yr

kurtreemUs‑yr

• Gloss: ‘rat’
• Ancestor: OLem kurtrē‑müs‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem kurtrèmUs‑yr

kuku‑yr

• Gloss: ‘cuckoo’
• Ancestor: OLem kuku‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem kuk‑yr

kuzt‑a

• Gloss: ‘weep’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem kuzt‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem kuzt‑a

kuxwar‑yr

• Gloss: ‘faeces’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem kuhwar‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem kuxwar‑yr

kuxw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘tuber’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
• Ancestor: OLem kuhw‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem kuxw‑yr

krei‑yr

• Gloss: ‘blood (outside the body)’
• Ancestor: OLem krei‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem krè‑yr

kreigwon‑ar

• Gloss: ‘bloodthirsty’
• Ancestor: OLem krei‑gwon‑
• Variant: [nominative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem krègwon‑ar

krixrU‑a

• Gloss: ‘(make) bleed’
• Ancestor: OLem krixrü‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem krixr‑a

krutt‑yr

• Gloss: ‘lyre’
• Ancestor: PCelt *krutt‑os
• Descendant
  • LMLem krutt‑yr

krne‑a

• Gloss: ‘sieve, separate’
• Ancestor: OLem krne‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem krn‑a

knee‑yr

• Gloss: ‘nut’
• Ancestor: OLem knē‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem knè‑yr

knoR‑yr

• Gloss: ‘nape’
• Ancestor: OLem knogh‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem knoR‑yr

kt‑a

• Gloss: ‘dig’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem kt‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem kt‑a

kxynOO‑yr

• Gloss: ‘gosling’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem kxynö‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem kxynÒ‑yr

ksef‑el‑ar

• Gloss: ‘sundial, lit. that which throws a narrow shadow’
• Connotation
  • Weakening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem ksef‑yr
• Variant: diminutive
• Irregularity: agent noun
• Descendant
  • LMLem ksefel‑ar

ksef‑yr

• Gloss: ‘shadow, shade’
• Connotation
  • Weakening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem ksef‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendants
  • MLem ksef‑el‑ar
  • LMLem ksef‑yr

ksr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘grey’
• Ancestor: OLem ksr‑
• Variant: [participle incl. adjective]
• Descendant
  • LMLem ksr‑yr

kfrar‑yr

• Gloss: ‘important’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem kfrar‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem kfrar‑yr

kfrend‑a

• Gloss: ‘claim’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem kfrend‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem kfrend‑a

t‑a

• Gloss: ‘make’
• Ancestor: Ghe t‑a /ta/
• Descendant
  • LMLem t‑a

talnk‑a

• Gloss: ‘burden [tr.]’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem talnk‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem talnk‑a

talp‑yr

• Gloss: ‘spacious’
• Ancestor: OLem talp‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem talp‑yr

tar‑a

• Gloss: ‘twist’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem tarh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem tar‑a

tarns‑yr

• Gloss: ‘dry land, steppe’
• Ancestor: OLem tarns‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem tarns‑yr

tart‑yr

• Gloss: ‘ash’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem tart‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem tart‑yr

tarfk‑a

• Gloss: ‘wound’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem tarfk‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem tarfk‑a

tank‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bone’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem tank‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem tank‑yr

tamn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘(surprise) attack’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem tamnh‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem tamn‑yr

taxj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘dwelling’
• Ancestor: OLem taçj‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem taxj‑yr

teeR‑a

• Gloss: ‘touch’
• Ancestor: OLem tēgh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem tèR‑a

teet‑yr

• Gloss: ‘people, tribe’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem tēt‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem tèt‑yr

teex‑yr

• Gloss: ‘seed, offspring’
• Ancestor: OLem tēh‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem tèx‑yr

tek‑a

• Gloss: ‘grasp’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem tek‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem tek‑a

teqk‑a

• Gloss: ‘produce’
• Ancestor: OLem tethk‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem teqk‑a

t‑yr

• Gloss: ‘this, that’
• Ancestor: OLem t‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem t‑yr

tiro‑a

• Gloss: ‘more’
• Descendant
  • LMLem tir‑a

tUpeesk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘dolphin’
• Ancestor: OLem tüpēsk‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem tUpèsk‑yr

tree‑yl

• Gloss: ‘three’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: message for sender
• Ancestor: OLem trē‑
• Variant: [numeral (plural only)]
• Descendant
  • LMLem trè‑yl

trigj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘music’
• Ancestor: PCelt *trígy‑os
• Descendant
  • LMLem trigj‑yr

troxk‑ar

• Gloss: ‘beaver’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem troçk‑
• Variant: [nominative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem troxk‑ar

tkam‑yl

• Gloss: ‘256’
• Connotation
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem tkamt‑
• Variant: [numeral (plural only)]
• Descendant
  • LMLem tkam‑yl

tkesk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘settlement’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem tkisk‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem tkesk‑yr

tpolj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘barrier’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: content for container
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem tpolhj‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem tpolj‑yr

tpu‑yr

• Gloss: ‘warm, hot’
• Ancestor: OLem tpu‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem tp‑yr

txu‑ar

• Gloss: ‘doubtful, indecisive’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem txu‑
• Variant: [nominative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem tx‑ar

txublu‑yr

• Gloss: ‘cave’
• Ancestor: OLem txu‑blu‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem txubl‑yr

txut‑yr

• Gloss: ‘silent’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem txut‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • MLem txut‑k‑a

txut‑k‑a

• Gloss: ‘loud’
• Constituents: MLem txut‑yr + k‑a
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • LMLem txutk‑a

palw‑a

• Gloss: ‘float’
• Ancestor: OLem palw‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem palw‑a

palxouj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘(flat) pasture land’
• Ancestor: OLem pal‑xouj‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem palxòj‑yr

park‑a

• Gloss: ‘request’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem park‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem park‑a

part‑a

• Gloss: ‘barely succeed’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem part‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem part‑a

parstx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘basket’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: content for container
• Ancestor: OLem parstxj‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem parstx‑yr

pangdj‑ar

• Gloss: ‘determined, authoritative’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metonymy: content for container
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem pangdj‑
• Variant: [nominative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem pangdj‑ar

pee‑yr

• Gloss: ‘kind of official, probably of the clergy’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: message for sender
• Ancestor: OLem pē‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]

peevont‑yr

• Gloss: ‘straight’
• Ancestor: OLem pē‑dhont‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem pèvont‑yr

peex‑yr

• Gloss: ‘pine’
• Ancestor: OLem pēç‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem pèx‑yr

peesk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘fish’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: message for sender
• Ancestor: OLem pēsk‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem pèsk‑yr

peequr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘lark’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem pēthur‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem pèqur‑yr

peefil‑a

• Gloss: ‘fold’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem pēfil‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem pèfil‑a

perpif‑a

• Gloss: ‘move around (violently)’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem per‑pifh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem perpif‑a

perwer‑a

• Gloss: ‘wear’
• Ancestor: OLem per‑wer‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem perwer‑a

pet‑yr

• Gloss: ‘correct’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem pet‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem pet‑yr

pexw‑a

• Gloss: ‘cook’
• Ancestor: OLem pexw‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem pexw‑a

pylmen‑yr

• Gloss: ‘full’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem pylhmen‑
• Variant: [participle incl. adjective]
• Descendant
  • LMLem pylmen‑yr

pylk‑a

• Gloss: ‘unlock’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem pylkanh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Irregularity: reanalysis
• Descendant
  • LMLem pylk‑a

pyrzil‑yr

• Gloss: ‘iron’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem pyrzil‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem pyrzil‑yr

pyser‑yr

• Gloss: ‘someone’s child, son’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem pyser‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem pyser‑yr

pii‑a

• Gloss: ‘sing’
• Ancestor: OLem pī‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem pì‑a

piip‑yr

• Gloss: ‘poison’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem pīp‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendants
  • MLem ol‑piip‑yr
  • LMLem pìp‑yr

pilor‑yr

• Gloss: ‘copper’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem pilor‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem pilor‑yr

pin‑yl

• Gloss: ‘five’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem ping‑
• Variant: [numeral (plural only)]
• Descendant
  • LMLem pin‑yl

pisk‑a

• Gloss: ‘crush’
• Ancestor: OLem pisk‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem pisk‑a

piqxar‑yr

• Gloss: ‘wing’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem pithxar‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem piqxar‑yr

pif‑a

• Gloss: ‘move (purposefully)’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem pifh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendants
  • MLem pif‑ne‑a
  • LMLem pif‑a

pifii‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bulge [noun]’
• Ancestor: OLem pifī‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem pifì‑yr

pif‑ne‑a

• Gloss: ‘stand (still)’
• Constituents: MLem pif‑a + ne‑a
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • LMLem pifn‑a

pOOz‑yr

• Gloss: ‘foot’
• Ancestor: OLem pöz‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem pÒz‑yr

pleem‑yr

• Gloss: ‘lung’
• Ancestor: OLem plēm‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem plèm‑yr

pleqk‑a

• Gloss: ‘spread [of diseases, rumours]’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem plethk‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem pleqk‑a

pleqkcU‑yr

• Gloss: ‘rot, mould’
• Ancestor: OLem plethk‑zhü‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem pleqkc‑yr

priin‑yr

• Gloss: ‘pleasing, dear’
• Ancestor: OLem prīn‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem prìn‑yr

prOO

• Gloss: ‘in front of’
• Ancestor: OLem prö
• Descendant
  • LMLem prÒ

pruont‑yr

• Gloss: ‘stag’
• Ancestor: OLem pruont‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem prùnt‑yr

prusank‑a

• Gloss: ‘snort, froth’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem prusank‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem prusank‑a

pkueru‑a

• Gloss: ‘shoot arrows’
• Ancestor: OLem pkueru‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem pkùr‑a

ptarsk‑a

• Gloss: ‘sneeze’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem ptarsk‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem ptarsk‑a

ptank‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bird of prey’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem ptank‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem ptank‑yr

ptax‑a

• Gloss: ‘duck [verb]’
• Ancestor: OLem ptah‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem ptax‑a

pf‑yr

• Gloss: ‘male’
• Ancestor: Ghe p ̑‑ə̄ /ɓɯː/

j‑a

• Gloss: ‘move, go’
• Ancestor: OLem j‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem j‑a

jeem‑yr

• Gloss: ‘ice’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Local narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem jēm‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem jèm‑yr

jeet‑a

• Gloss: ‘call (by name)’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem jēt‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem jèt‑a

jeexee‑ar

• Gloss: ‘farmer’
• Ancestor: OLem jēhē‑
• Variant: [nominative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem jèxè‑ar

jeexw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bile’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem jēxwyr‑
• Variant: haplology
• Descendant
  • LMLem jèxw‑yr

jees‑akx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘ship soup’
• Constituents: MLem jees‑yr + akx‑yr
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • LMLem jèsakx‑yr

jees‑yr

• Gloss: ‘thick soup’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem jēs‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • MLem jees‑akx‑yr

jei‑yr

• Gloss: ‘barley’
• Ancestor: OLem jei‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]

jenj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bored’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem jenj‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem jenj‑yr

jek‑yr

• Gloss: ‘mouth, oral cavity’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem jek‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem jek‑yr

jesl‑yl

• Gloss: ‘4096’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem jesl‑
• Variant: [numeral (plural only)]
• Descendant
  • LMLem jesl‑yl

jingj‑a

• Gloss: ‘crave’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem jinggh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem jingj‑a

jinxter‑yr

• Gloss: ‘brother-in-law’s wife’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem jinxter‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem jinxter‑yr

jixar‑yr

• Gloss: ‘year’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem jihar‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem jixar‑yr

jork‑yr

• Gloss: ‘roe deer’
• Ancestor: OLem jork‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem jork‑yr

jUr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘worm’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem jür‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem jUr‑yr

jUpiif‑yr

• Gloss: ‘foreigner’
• Ancestor: OLem jüpīf‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem jUpìf‑yr

cargj‑a

• Gloss: ‘drag, pull’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: OLem zharggh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem cargj‑a

carw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘law’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: OLem zharw‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem carw‑yr

can‑yr

• Gloss: ‘complete, all’
• Connotations
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem shand‑
• Variant: [participle incl. adjective]
• Descendant
  • LMLem can‑yr

candz‑ar

• Gloss: ‘cutting, injuring > spicy, hot’
• Connotations
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem shandz‑
• Variant: [nominative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem candz‑ar

cank‑a

• Gloss: ‘swim’
• Connotations
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem shank‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem cank‑a

canxw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘dust’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: OLem zhanxw‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem canxw‑yr

cambr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘negligible’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: OLem zhambr‑
• Variant: [participle incl. adjective]
• Descendant
  • LMLem cambr‑yr

cambw‑a

• Gloss: ‘hurt’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: OLem zhambw‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem cambw‑a

camk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘hand’
• Connotations
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem shamk‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem camk‑yr

cOO‑yr

• Gloss: ‘awn’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: OLem zhö‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem cÒ‑yr

cOOxe‑yr

• Gloss: ‘field’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: OLem zhöxēr‑
• Variant: haplology
• Descendant
  • LMLem cÒx‑yr

cU‑yr

• Gloss: ‘make dirty’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: OLem zhü‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]

cUr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘underworldly’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: OLem zhür‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem cUr‑yr

cUnw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘child’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem shünw‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem cUnw‑yr

cUtir‑yr

• Gloss: ‘daughter’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Metonymy: effect/purpose for cause/motive
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: OLem zhütir‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem cUtir‑yr

zing‑a

• Gloss: ‘deform’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: OLem dhing‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Irregularity: probably dialect borrowing
• Descendant
  • LMLem zing‑a

zOOmuxt‑a

• Gloss: ‘guide’
• Ancestor: OLem zömuxt‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem zÒmuxt‑a

zgdank‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bug, vermin’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem zgdank‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem zgdank‑yr

zd‑a

• Gloss: ‘seat’
• Ancestor: OLem zd‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem zd‑a

zdour‑yr

• Gloss: ‘pin, stylus’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > South Hellenic not finished yet!
• Ancestor: OTroy σταυρ‑ος /ˈsdauros/
• Descendant
  • LMLem zdòr‑yr

ver‑a

• Gloss: ‘bind, tie’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: OLem dher‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem ver‑a

vengw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘fire’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: OLem dhengw‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem vengw‑yr

vembw‑a

• Gloss: ‘be astonished’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: OLem dhembw‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem vembw‑a

vesk‑a

• Gloss: ‘err’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: OLem dhesk‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem vesk‑a

vii‑a

• Gloss: ‘choose’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: OLem dhī‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem vì‑a

viibwyr‑a

• Gloss: ‘fascinate’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: OLem dhībwyr‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem vìbwyr‑a

vont‑yr

• Gloss: ‘tooth’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem dhont‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem vont‑yr

voxozdi‑yr

• Gloss: ‘hotel, inn’
• Ancestor: OTroy δο‑χοστι‑ς /ð̞oˈxosdis/
• Descendant
  • LMLem voxozd‑yr

walg‑a

• Gloss: ‘blossom’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem walg‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem walg‑a

war‑yr

• Gloss: ‘brown’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem war‑
• Variant: [participle incl. adjective]
• Descendant
  • LMLem war‑yr

warndzi‑yr

• Gloss: ‘rice’
• Ancestor: OLem warndzi‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem warndz‑yr

wargr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘black’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem wargr‑
• Variant: [participle incl. adjective]
• Descendant
  • LMLem wargr‑yr

wardz‑yr

• Gloss: ‘beard’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem wardz‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem wardz‑yr

warkt‑a

• Gloss: ‘wait’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem warkt‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem warkt‑a

warw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘free’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hwarhw‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem warw‑yr

wagw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘dog’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem walgw‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Irregularity: dialect borrowing
• Descendant
  • LMLem wagw‑yr

wee‑a

• Gloss: ‘grieve, be miserable’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: itself for act
• Ancestor: OLem wē
• Irregularity: verbalisation
• Descendant
  • LMLem wè‑a

weeR‑yr

• Gloss: ‘a nut tree’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem wēgh‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem wèR‑yr

weeRdou‑yr

• Gloss: ‘branch’
• Ancestor: OLem wēgh‑dou‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem wèRdò‑yr

weedap‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bread’
• Ancestor: OLem wē‑dap‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem wèdap‑yr

weevmyn‑a

• Gloss: ‘disembowel’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem wēdhmyn‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem wèvmyn‑a

weehs‑yr

• Gloss: ‘meteor’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: message for sender
• Ancestor: OLem wēshs‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem wèhs‑yr

welgj‑a

• Gloss: ‘swell’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem welgj‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem welgj‑a

wer‑a

• Gloss: ‘carry, bear’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem wer‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem wer‑a

wermOO‑yr

• Gloss: ‘coat’
• Ancestor: OLem wer‑mö‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem wermÒ‑yr

wergj‑a

• Gloss: ‘climb’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem wergj‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem wergj‑a

wert‑yr

• Gloss: ‘word’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem werht‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem wert‑yr

wemb‑a

• Gloss: ‘weave’
• Ancestor: OLem wemb‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem wemb‑a

wembrw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘dam’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem wembrw‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem wembrw‑yr

wiir‑yr

• Gloss: ‘young, strong’
• Ancestor: OLem wīr‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem wìr‑yr

wiirxaf‑a

• Gloss: ‘flow swiftly’
• Ancestor: OLem wīr‑xaf‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem wìrxaf‑a

wiib‑yr

• Gloss: ‘net’
• Connotation
  • Softening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem wīb‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem wìb‑yr

wiibsur‑yr

• Gloss: ‘spider’
• Connotations
  • Softening narrowing
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem wībsur‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem wìbsur‑yr

wiix‑a

• Gloss: ‘say’
• Ancestor: OLem wīh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem wìx‑a

wirftor‑yr

• Gloss: ‘heat (human-made)’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem wirftor‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem wirftor‑yr

wind‑a

• Gloss: ‘axe’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem wind‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem wind‑a

wimbr‑a

• Gloss: ‘create’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem wimbr‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem wimbr‑a

wixung‑a

• Gloss: ‘promise’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hwihung‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem wixung‑a

wiqk‑a

• Gloss: ‘sway’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem withk‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem wiqk‑a

woR‑a

• Gloss: ‘harm’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem wogh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem woR‑a

wuzar‑yr

• Gloss: ‘rain’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem wuzar‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem wuzar‑yr

wusar‑yr

• Gloss: ‘spring’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem wusar‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem wusar‑yr

wU‑yr

• Gloss: ‘stubborn’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: effect/purpose for cause/motive
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem wü‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendants
  • MLem akn‑wU‑yr
  • MLem wU‑xp‑yr

wU‑xp‑yr

• Gloss: ‘stubborn’
• Constituents: MLem wU‑yr + xp‑yr
• Variant: clarifying compound
• Descendant
  • LMLem wUxp‑yr

wronk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘arm’
• Ancestor: OLem wronk‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem wronk‑yr

xay

• Gloss: ‘but, however’
• Ancestor: OLem xay

xayOOl‑yr

• Gloss: ‘apple’
• Ancestor: OLem xayöl‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xàÒl‑yr

xayl‑yr

• Gloss: ‘tube’
• Ancestor: OLem xayl‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xàl‑yr

xayj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘(water?) bird’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: content for container
• Ancestor: OLem xayj‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xàj‑yr

xalj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘strange’
• Ancestor: OLem xalj‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xalj‑yr

xargr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘light, bright’
• Ancestor: OLem xargr‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xargr‑yr

xartk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bear’
• Ancestor: OLem xartk‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xartk‑yr

xarp‑yr

• Gloss: ‘hook’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem xarp‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xarp‑yr

xak‑yr

• Gloss: ‘point’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem xak‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xak‑yr

xaxs‑a

• Gloss: ‘rotate’
• Ancestor: OLem xaçs‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xaxs‑a

xaf‑yr

• Gloss: ‘water’
• Ancestor: OLem xaf‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendants
  • MLem etst‑xaf‑yr
  • LMLem xaf‑yr

xafxouj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘island’
• Ancestor: OLem xaf‑xouj‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xafxòj‑yr

xeer‑a

• Gloss: ‘get up, get to work’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: itself for act
  • Factive narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem xēr‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xèr‑a

xeepOOz‑yr

• Gloss: ‘root’
• Ancestor: OLem xēpöz‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xèpÒz‑yr

xeez‑a

• Gloss: ‘breathe’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: itself for act
• Ancestor: OLem xēz‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xèz‑a

xesk‑a

• Gloss: ‘search’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem xisk‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xesk‑a

xylis‑yr

• Gloss: ‘alder’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem xylis‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xylis‑yr

xyrtksor‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Bear-Lady’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem xyrtksor‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xyrtksor‑yr

xyxmon‑yr

• Gloss: ‘stone’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem xyçmon‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xyxmon‑yr

xyfOOxw‑ar

• Gloss: ‘evil’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem xyföhw‑
• Variant: [nominative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xyfÒxw‑ar

xiic‑a

• Gloss: ‘drive’
• Ancestor: OLem xīzh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xìc‑a

xouj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘pasture’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: content for container
• Ancestor: OLem xouj‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xòj‑yr

xoujfust‑yr

• Gloss: ‘rock’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem xoujfust‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xòjfust‑yr

xOU‑a

• Gloss: ‘hear’
• Ancestor: OLem xöü‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xÒ‑a

xOUdrnu‑yr

• Gloss: ‘hare’
• Ancestor: OLem xöüdrnu‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xÒdrn‑yr

xOUj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘egg’
• Ancestor: OLem xöüj‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xÒj‑yr

xuR‑a

• Gloss: ‘come of age’
• Ancestor: OLem xugh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xuR‑a

xuxont‑ar

• Gloss: ‘wind’
• Ancestor: OLem xuhont‑
• Variant: [nominative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xuxont‑ar

xuxsen‑yr

• Gloss: ‘ox’
• Ancestor: OLem xuhsen‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xuxsen‑yr

xU‑a

• Gloss: ‘blow’
• Ancestor: OLem xü‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendants
  • MLem xU‑yRbw‑yr
  • MLem xU‑bw‑yr
  • MLem xU‑xr‑yr
  • MLem xU‑xp‑yr

xUeel‑yr

• Gloss: ‘wool’
• Ancestor: OLem xüēl‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xÙel‑yr

xU‑yRbw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘wind force 3/6’
• Constituents: MLem xU‑a + yRbw‑yr
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • LMLem xÙRbw‑yr

xU‑bw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘wind force 4/6’
• Constituents: MLem xU‑a + bw‑yr
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • LMLem xUbw‑yr

xU‑xr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘wind force 1/6’
• Constituents: MLem xU‑a + xr‑yr
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • LMLem xUxr‑yr

xUxter‑yr

• Gloss: ‘comet’
• Ancestor: OLem xü‑xter‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xUxter‑yr

xU‑xp‑yr

• Gloss: ‘wind force 5/6’
• Constituents: MLem xU‑a + xp‑yr
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • LMLem xUxp‑yr

xrem‑yr

• Gloss: ‘wolf’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem xrem‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xrem‑yr

xr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘1/6’
• Ancestor: Ghe xpʳ‑ə̄ /ʀ̥ʙɯː/
• Descendants
  • MLem xU‑xr‑yr
  • LMLem xr‑yr

xner‑yr

• Gloss: ‘man’
• Ancestor: OLem xner‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xner‑yr

xmalg‑a

• Gloss: ‘milk’
• Ancestor: OLem xmalg‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xmalg‑a

xter‑yr

• Gloss: ‘planet’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem xter‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xter‑yr

xtOU‑yl

• Gloss: ‘eight’
• Connotation
  • Local narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem çtöü‑
• Variant: [numeral (plural only)]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xtÒ‑yl

xp‑yr

• Gloss: ‘5/6’
• Ancestor: Ghe xp‑ə̄ /χpɯː/
• Descendants
  • MLem wU‑xp‑yr
  • MLem xU‑xp‑yr
  • LMLem xp‑yr

xwaseilOU‑yr

• Gloss: ‘chess’
• Ancestor: OTroy ϲ̣ασιλευ‑ς /hʷaˈse͜ileus/
• Descendant
  • LMLem xwasèlÒ‑yr

xwyxU‑yr

• Gloss: ‘mission, vocation’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: effect/purpose for cause/motive
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem xwyxü‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem xwyx‑yr

haebaa‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Shabar (kingdom)’
• Descendant
  • LMLem hàbà‑yr

halg‑yr

• Gloss: ‘wall’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: OLem shalg‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem halg‑yr

harnk‑a

• Gloss: ‘clean, tidy’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: OLem sharnk‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem harnk‑a

hark‑yr

• Gloss: ‘gravel’
• Ancestor: OLem shark‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem hark‑yr

harw‑a

• Gloss: ‘work/go smoothly’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: OLem sharw‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem harw‑a

heel‑yr

• Gloss: ‘salt’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: OLem shēl‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem hèl‑yr

hit‑yr

• Gloss: ‘pig’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Constituents: MLem hU‑yr + it‑yr
• Variant: contamination
• Descendant
  • LMLem hit‑yr

hur‑a

• Gloss: ‘yelp’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: OLem shur‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem hur‑a

hU‑yr

• Gloss: ‘pig’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: OLem shü‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • MLem hit‑yr

hUgjir‑yr

• Gloss: ‘hedgehog’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: OLem shügjir‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem hUgjir‑yr

sarx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sugar’
• Ancestor: OTroy σαρχ‑α /ˈsarxa/
• Descendant
  • LMLem sarx‑yr

suzOOmyn‑ar

• Gloss: ‘benefactor’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem hsuzömyn‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem suzÒmyn‑ar

slic‑yr

• Gloss: ‘butter’
• Ancestor: OLem slizh‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem slic‑yr

slicman‑yr

• Gloss: ‘boundary stone’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem slizhman‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem slicman‑yr

slicpeefil‑yr

• Gloss: ‘butterfly’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem slizhpēfil‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem slicpèfil‑yr

sr‑a

• Gloss: ‘link’
• Ancestor: OLem sr‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem sr‑a

sree‑a

• Gloss: ‘rot’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Metonymy: itself for act
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem srē‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem srè‑a

sreen‑yr

• Gloss: ‘drone (male bee or wasp)’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem srēn‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem srèn‑yr

srii‑a

• Gloss: ‘drive’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem srī‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem srì‑a

srimb‑a

• Gloss: ‘push’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem srimb‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem srimb‑a

srumbw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘few, little’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem srumbw‑
• Variant: [participle incl. adjective]
• Descendant
  • LMLem srumbw‑yr

snark‑a

• Gloss: ‘knot’
• Ancestor: OLem snark‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem snark‑a

sneeq‑ar

• Gloss: ‘adder’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem snēthyr‑
• Variant: [nominative noun]
• Irregularity: haplology
• Descendant
  • LMLem snèq‑ar

snengw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘snow cloud’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem sningw‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem snengw‑yr

snus‑yr

• Gloss: ‘daughter-in-law’
• Ancestor: OLem snus‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem snus‑yr

smarsk‑a

• Gloss: ‘lend’
• Ancestor: OLem smarsk‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem smarsk‑a

smeev‑a

• Gloss: ‘smear’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: message for sender
• Ancestor: OLem smēdh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem smèv‑a

smer‑yr

• Gloss: ‘grease, marrow’
• Ancestor: OLem smer‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem smer‑yr

sgwal‑yr

• Gloss: ‘boat’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem sgwal‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem sgwal‑yr

skarp‑a

• Gloss: ‘split, divide, break’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem skarp‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendants
  • MLem skarp‑meem‑ar
  • LMLem skarp‑a

skarp‑meem‑ar

• Gloss: ‘butcher’
• Constituents: MLem skarp‑a + meem‑yr
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • LMLem skarpmèm‑ar

skerdz‑yr

• Gloss: ‘prick, sting’
• Ancestor: OLem skerdz‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem skerdz‑yr

skeng‑a

• Gloss: ‘limp’
• Ancestor: OLem skeng‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem skeng‑a

skevk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘shard’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem skedhk‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem skevk‑yr

skylont‑yr

• Gloss: ‘compartment’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem skylont‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem skylont‑yr

skont‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sparrow’
• Connotation
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem skont‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem skont‑yr

skxol‑yr

• Gloss: ‘leisure, rest’
• Ancestor: OLem skçol‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem skxol‑yr

stayr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bull’
• Ancestor: OLem stayr‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem stàr‑yr

stalgr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘hard’
• Ancestor: OLem stalgr‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem stalgr‑yr

steetur‑ar

• Gloss: ‘legendary warrior’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem stētur‑
• Variant: [nominative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem stètur‑ar

stelg‑a

• Gloss: ‘protrude’
• Ancestor: OLem stelg‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem stelg‑a

stingj‑a

• Gloss: ‘go, climb’
• Ancestor: OLem stinggh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem stingj‑a

stOOng‑yr

• Gloss: ‘row’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: place for place
• Ancestor: OLem stöng‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem stÒng‑yr

spalnp‑a

• Gloss: ‘disgrace’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem spalnp‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem spalnp‑a

sperdz‑a

• Gloss: ‘flee’
• Ancestor: OLem sperdz‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem sperdz‑a

spnar‑a

• Gloss: ‘save’
• Ancestor: OLem spnar‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem spnar‑a

sjei‑a

• Gloss: ‘sew’
• Ancestor: OLem sjei‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem sjè‑a

swazw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘glad’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
• Ancestor: OLem swazw‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem swazw‑yr

swent‑a

• Gloss: ‘believe’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem swent‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem swent‑a

sweh‑yl

• Gloss: ‘six’
• Ancestor: OLem swesh‑
• Variant: [numeral (plural only)]
• Descendant
  • LMLem sweh‑yl

swylmen‑yr

• Gloss: ‘mushroom’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem swylhmen‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem swylmen‑yr

swilor‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sulfur’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem swilor‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem swilor‑yr

swiv‑a

• Gloss: ‘throw’
• Ancestor: OLem swidh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem swiv‑a

swihur‑yr

• Gloss: ‘son-in-law’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem swishur‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem swihur‑yr

swisor‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sibling’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem swisor‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem swisor‑yr

sxun‑ar

• Gloss: ‘sun’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem sxun‑
• Variant: [nominative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem sxun‑ar

sxne‑yr

• Gloss: ‘rope’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem sxni‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem sxn‑yr

qeend‑a

• Gloss: ‘order’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: OLem thēnd‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem qènd‑a

qel‑a

• Gloss: ‘farm’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: OLem thel‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem qel‑a

qelp‑yr

• Gloss: ‘tar’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: OLem thelp‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem qelp‑yr

qeng‑a

• Gloss: ‘hold, overpower’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: OLem theng‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem qeng‑a

qent‑a

• Gloss: ‘smoke (also herbs)’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: OLem thent‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem qent‑a

qem‑yr

• Gloss: ‘group’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: OLem them‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem qem‑yr

qemxz‑yr

• Gloss: ‘(grain of) sand’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: OLem themxdz‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Irregularity: with unexplained d-elision
• Descendant
  • LMLem qemxz‑yr

qexk‑a

• Gloss: ‘fly, beat one’s wings’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: OLem thexk‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem qexk‑a

qisn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘winter’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: OLem thisn‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem qisn‑yr

qisgw‑a

• Gloss: ‘think’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: OLem thisgw‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem qisgw‑a

qif‑yl

• Gloss: ‘seven’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem thift‑
• Variant: [numeral (plural only)]
• Descendants
  • MLem djei‑qif‑yr
  • LMLem qif‑yl

fet‑yr

• Gloss: ‘fast’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem fet‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem fet‑yr

fis‑yr

• Gloss: ‘pear’
• Connotation
  • Factive narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem fis‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem fis‑yr

fifing‑a

• Gloss: ‘desire’
• Ancestor: OLem fifing‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem fifing‑a

fOOpys‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Father Midwinter’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for place
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem föpysir‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Irregularity: haplology
• Descendant
  • LMLem fÒpys‑yr

fOOs‑yr

• Gloss: ‘mouth’
• Ancestor: OLem fös‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendants
  • MLem fOOs‑otk‑yr
  • LMLem fÒs‑a

fOOs‑otk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘beak’
• Constituents: MLem fOOs‑yr + otk‑yr
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • LMLem fÒsotk‑yr

fulat‑a

• Gloss: ‘watch, guard’
• Ancestor: OTroy φυλαττ‑αι /fuˈlatai/
• Descendant
  • LMLem fulat‑a

furor‑yr

• Gloss: ‘tree’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem furor‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem furor‑yr

furon‑yr

• Gloss: ‘daring’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem furon‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem furon‑yr

fler‑yr

• Gloss: ‘blue’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem fler‑
• Variant: [participle incl. adjective]
• Descendant
  • LMLem fler‑yr

fraatj‑a

• Gloss: ‘perceive’
• Connotations
  • Act for material/colour/sound/smell
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
• Ancestor: PCelt *φrā́ty‑ū
• Descendant
  • LMLem fràtj‑a

freem‑a

• Gloss: ‘move aimlessly’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem frēm‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem frèm‑a

freekur‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Brother (in) War’
• Connotations
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem frēkur‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem frèkur‑yr

frees‑yr

• Gloss: ‘uncle (father’s brother)’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: OLem frēsir‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Irregularity: haplology
• Descendant
  • LMLem frès‑yr

frenk‑a

• Gloss: ‘fruit’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem frenk‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem frenk‑a

fr‑yl

• Gloss: ‘twelve’
• Ancestor: Ghe fʳ‑ə̄ /ʙ̥ɯː/
• Descendant
  • LMLem fr‑yl

friin‑a

• Gloss: ‘boil, churn’
• Ancestor: OLem frīn‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem frìn‑a

frunk‑a

• Gloss: ‘dig (out)’
• Ancestor: OLem frunk‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem frunk‑a

frux‑a

• Gloss: ‘astonish’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem fruh‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem frux‑a

fna‑a

• Gloss: ‘feel’
• Connotation
  • Softening narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem fna‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • MLem fna‑eisf‑a

fna‑eisf‑a

• Gloss: ‘feel inwardly, hide one’s feelings’
• Constituents: MLem fna‑a + eisf‑a
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • LMLem fnàisf‑a

fnat‑a

• Gloss: ‘yearn’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: OLem fnat‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem fnat‑a

fnomb‑yr

• Gloss: ‘navel, hub’
• Ancestor: OLem fnomb‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem fnomb‑yr

fmink‑a

• Gloss: ‘spill’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: OLem fmink‑
• Variant: [verb]
• Descendant
  • LMLem fmink‑a

fxurm‑yr

• Gloss: ‘dragon’
• Ancestor: OLem fxurm‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem fxurm‑yr

fxurmpeesk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘(white?) shark’
• Ancestor: OLem fxurm‑pēsk‑
• Variant: [accusative noun]
• Descendant
  • LMLem fxurmpèsk‑yr