Multilingual etymological dictionary

a

• Gloss: ‘yes’
• Ancestor: MLem a

al‑a

• Gloss: ‘nourish, foster’
• Ancestor: MLem al‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem al‑a

alòrw‑yl

• Gloss: ‘help’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem al‑oerw‑yl
• Descendant
  • NLem lorw‑a

alg‑a

• Gloss: ‘calculate’
• Ancestor: MLem alg‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem alg‑a

algj‑a

• Gloss: ‘lay’
• Ancestor: MLem algj‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem algj‑a

algjw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘little, dear [term of endearment]’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
• Ancestor: MLem algjw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem algz‑a

albw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘white’
• Ancestor: MLem albw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem albw‑a

alt‑yr

• Gloss: ‘heavy’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem alt‑yr
• Descendants
  • LMLem kè‑alt‑ar
  • NLem alt‑a

alxw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘green’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
• Ancestor: MLem alxw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem alxw‑a

aRen‑yr

• Gloss: ‘monkey’
• Ancestor: MLem aRen‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem Ren‑a

àRcc‑ar

• Gloss: ‘monarch’
• Connotation
  • Dative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem ayRcc‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem aRc‑a

arg‑ar

• Gloss: ‘river’
• Ancestor: MLem arg‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem arg‑a

argUr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Dniester’
• Ancestor: MLem arg‑Ur‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem grUr‑a

argw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘dark (colour)’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem argw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem argw‑a

ardz‑a

• Gloss: ‘emerge’
• Ancestor: MLem ardz‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem ardz‑a

art‑yr

• Gloss: ‘blood’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem art‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem art‑a

arzg‑a

• Gloss: ‘braid’
• Ancestor: MLem arzg‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem arzg‑a

arsk‑er

• Gloss: ‘ground’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem arsk‑er
• Descendant
  • NLem arsk‑a

an‑yr

• Gloss: ‘secret’
• Connotation
  • Dative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem an‑y‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem an‑a

anr‑yl

• Gloss: ‘16’
• Connotation
  • A modifier plus a consonant ( ʱᴛ) is not allowed!
• Ancestor: MLem anr‑yl
• Descendant
  • NLem anr‑a

angwnj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘hearth, gathering place around a hearth’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: content for container
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem angwnj‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem anagzn‑a

anbnowdlz‑ar

• Gloss: ‘lieutenant’
• Ancestor: MLem anbnowdlz‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem mowdR‑a

ankinàr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘artichoke’
• Ancestor: Koi ἀγκινάρ‑α

ankfr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘idle’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem ankfr‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem anakfr‑a

àgalma‑yr

• Gloss: ‘statue, bust’
• Ancestor: Koi ἄγαλμα
• Descendant
  • NLem agm‑a

adelf‑yr

• Gloss: ‘brother’
• Connotation
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
• Ancestor: Koi ἀδελφ‑ός
• Descendant
  • NLem delf‑a

adlif‑a

• Gloss: ‘coil’
• Ancestor: MLem adlif‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem dlUf‑a

abgc‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bitter’
• Ancestor: MLem abgc‑yr
• Descendants
  • LMLem pìp‑abgc‑yr
  • NLem abc‑a

akròpoli‑yr

• Gloss: ‘upper town, castle, stronghold’
• Ancestor: Koi ἀκρό‑πολι‑ς
• Descendant
  • NLem krobl‑a

akn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘air’
• Ancestor: MLem akn‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem akn‑a

aknw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘fog’
• Connotation
  • Instrumental narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem akn‑wU‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem agjm‑a

akx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘ship’
• Ancestor: MLem akx‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem akx‑a

atyxt‑ar

• Gloss: ‘prince’
• Ancestor: MLem atyxt‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem tyxt‑a

àtom‑yr

• Gloss: ‘atom’
• Ancestor: Koi ἄ‑τομ‑ος
• Descendant
  • NLem adm‑a

àts‑yr

• Gloss: ‘head’
• Connotation
  • Dative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem ayts‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem ats‑a

àtsp‑yr

• Gloss: ‘late morning’
• Connotation
  • Dative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem aytsp‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem atsap‑a

aptf‑yr

• Gloss: ‘gold’
• Ancestor: MLem aptf‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem apf‑a

àcòRdd‑ar

• Gloss: ‘admiral, general’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem aacouRdd‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem acoRd‑a

aweth‑yr

• Gloss: ‘scroll’
• Ancestor: MLem aweth‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem weth‑a

axr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘male’
• Ancestor: MLem axr‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem axr‑a

ahr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bed’
• Ancestor: MLem ahr‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem ahr‑a

ahkt‑yr

• Gloss: ‘black’
• Ancestor: MLem ahkt‑yr

asì‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Anatolia, Asia’
• Ancestor: Koi ἀσί‑ᾱ
• Descendant
  • NLem si‑a

afo

• Gloss: ‘from’
• Ancestor: MLem afo
• Descendant
  • NLem fo‑a

e

• Gloss: ‘no’
• Ancestor: MLem e
• Descendant
  • NLem e

è‑a

• Gloss: ‘laugh’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem ee‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem e‑a

èàfst‑yr

• Gloss: ‘uranium’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Dative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem eiayfst‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem eafst‑a

elèfa‑yr

• Gloss: ‘elephant’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: itself for act
  • South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: Koi ἐλέφᾱ‑ς
• Descendant
  • LMLem etst‑elèfa‑yr

el‑yr

• Gloss: ‘El [monotheistic god]’
• Ancestor: MLem el‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem el‑a

eRwR‑yr

• Gloss: ‘erratic, random’
• Ancestor: MLem eRwR‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem eRwR‑a

en

• Gloss: ‘between’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem en
• Descendants
  • LMLem wer‑en‑yr
  • NLem en‑a

engj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘armour’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: content for container
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem engj‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem engj‑a

èngw‑a

• Gloss: ‘drink’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem eengw‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem engw‑a

ènd‑ar

• Gloss: ‘boss, chief’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem eend‑a
• Irregularity: nominalisation
• Descendant
  • NLem end‑a

em‑a

• Gloss: ‘take’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem em‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem em‑a

èd‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sheep’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem eid‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem ed‑a

èbd‑yr

• Gloss: ‘table’
• Connotation
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem eObd‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem ewd‑a

etondb‑ar

• Gloss: ‘captain’
• Ancestor: MLem etondb‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem tondw‑a

etst‑elèfa‑yr

• Gloss: ‘ivory’
• Constituents: LMLem etst‑yr + elèfa‑yr
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • NLem tsetlOw‑a

etst‑yr

• Gloss: ‘silver’
• Ancestor: MLem etst‑yr
• Descendants
  • LMLem etst‑elèfa‑yr
  • NLem etsat‑a

etstxaf‑yr

• Gloss: ‘quicksilver’
• Ancestor: MLem etst‑xaf‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem tsatxaf‑a

ecÒ‑yr

• Gloss: ‘human’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem ecOO‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem cO‑a

ev‑a

• Gloss: ‘eat’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem ev‑a
• Descendants
  • LMLem ev‑skerdz‑yr
  • NLem ev‑a

ev‑skerdz‑yr

• Gloss: ‘artichoke, cardoon’
• Constituents: LMLem ev‑a + skerdz‑yr
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • NLem qkerdz‑a

èxel‑a

• Gloss: ‘smile’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem ee‑xel‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem ejl‑a

ehw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘horse’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem ehw‑yr
• Descendants
  • LMLem ehw‑xÒdrn‑yr
  • LMLem cÒ‑ehw‑yr
  • NLem ehw‑a

ehw‑xÒdrn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘donkey’
• Constituents: LMLem ehw‑yr + xÒdrn‑yr
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • NLem hzOdn‑a

èsr‑a

• Gloss: ‘write’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem eesr‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem esr‑a

èsf‑a

• Gloss: ‘hide’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem eisf‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem esf‑a

eqdj‑ar

• Gloss: ‘host’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metonymy: content for container
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem eqdj‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem evdj‑a

eqt‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sweetmeat’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem eqt‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem eqt‑a

ef‑yr

• Gloss: ‘dense’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem efi‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem ef‑a

y

• Gloss: ‘and’
• Ancestor: MLem y
• Descendant
  • NLem y

Ìassr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘goat’
• Connotation
  • Dative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem yyassr‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem ysr‑a

yRbw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘3/6’
• Ancestor: MLem yRbw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem yRbw‑a

yrkant‑yr

• Gloss: ‘crippled’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem yrkant‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem kront‑a

yrsen‑yr

• Gloss: ‘male’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem yrsen‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem srOn‑a

yd‑yr

• Gloss: ‘identity’
• Ancestor: MLem yd‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem yd‑a

ydykkx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘slipper’
• Ancestor: MLem ydykkx‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem dykx‑a

ydl‑ar

• Gloss: ‘lens’
• Ancestor: MLem ydl‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem ydl‑a

ydlàstt‑yr

• Gloss: ‘lavender [colour]’
• Connotation
  • Dative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem ydlaystt‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem dlost‑a

Ìts‑ar

• Gloss: ‘servant’
• Connotation
  • Dative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem yyts‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem yts‑a

ytf‑yr

• Gloss: ‘night’
• Ancestor: MLem ytf‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem ytf‑a

ytfydlz‑yr

• Gloss: ‘forest’
• Ancestor: MLem ytfydlz‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem tfydR‑a

yphkn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘orange’
• Ancestor: MLem yphkn‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem yphakn‑a

Ìpsp‑yr

• Gloss: ‘belly’
• Connotation
  • Factive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem yapsp‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem ypsap‑a

ycwc‑a

• Gloss: ‘evade’
• Ancestor: MLem ycwc‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem ycv‑a

yz‑a

• Gloss: ‘crush’
• Ancestor: MLem yz‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem yz‑a

yxxfaftf‑yr

• Gloss: ‘pyrolusite’
• Ancestor: MLem yxxfaftf‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xfaftf‑a

yhph‑yr

• Gloss: ‘salty’
• Ancestor: MLem yhph‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem yhph‑a

yhh‑a

• Gloss: ‘mow (with a scythe or sickle)’
• Ancestor: MLem yhh‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem yh‑a

yhs‑yl

• Gloss: ‘thirteen’
• Ancestor: MLem yhs‑yl
• Descendant
  • NLem yhs‑a

ysrywwdl‑yr

• Gloss: ‘adequate, functional’
• Ancestor: MLem ysrywwdl‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem sruwdl‑a

yfophh‑a

• Gloss: ‘suck up to’
• Ancestor: MLem yfophh‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem foph‑a

ì‑a

• Gloss: ‘love’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem ii‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem i‑a

ilem‑yr

• Gloss: ‘mountain elm’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem ilem‑yr

irhh‑a

• Gloss: ‘like’
• Ancestor: MLem irhh‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem irh‑a

igjdl‑ar

• Gloss: ‘lord’
• Ancestor: MLem igjdl‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem igjadl‑a

ìtàrh‑yr

• Gloss: ‘nickel’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Dative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem iitayrh‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem itarh‑a

ihk‑ar

• Gloss: ‘Moon’
• Ancestor: MLem ihk‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem ihk‑a

ihkètm‑yr

• Gloss: ‘autumn’
• Connotation
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem ihkeOtm‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem hketm‑a

ihwtrè‑yr

• Gloss: ‘arrangement, sequence’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem ihwtree‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem qtrO‑a

isk‑a

• Gloss: ‘eat’
• Ancestor: MLem isk‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem isk‑a

ist‑a

• Gloss: ‘most’
• Connotation
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem istu‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem ist‑a

isxar‑yr

• Gloss: ‘vitality, survival skills’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem isxar‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem sxar‑a

o

• Gloss: ‘inclusive or’
• Ancestor: MLem o
• Descendant
  • NLem o

òyshs‑ar

• Gloss: ‘sergeant’
• Connotation
  • Factive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem oayshs‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem osh‑a

oliw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘lead’
• Ancestor: MLem oliw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem liw‑a

olpìp‑yr

• Gloss: ‘scorpion’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem ol‑piip‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem plUp‑a

òlxòl‑yr

• Gloss: ‘giraffe’
• Connotations
  • Ending not implemented yet!
  • Local narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Factive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem oolxoula‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem olxol‑a

oRw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘hound’
• Ancestor: MLem oRw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem oRw‑a

òrw‑yl

• Gloss: ‘amount’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem oerw‑yl
• Descendant
  • NLem orw‑a

òm‑yl

• Gloss: ‘eleven’
• Connotation
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem oum‑yl
• Descendant
  • NLem om‑a

òmbr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘frank, blunt’
• Connotation
  • Unsupported ending! Use 1st sg for verbs.
• Ancestor: Koi ὄμβρ‑οι
• Descendant
  • NLem ombr‑a

ogb‑yr

• Gloss: ‘loathing’
• Ancestor: MLem ogb‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem ojb‑a

òdnm‑yr

• Gloss: ‘afternoon’
• Connotation
  • Factive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem oadnm‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem odn‑a

ob‑yl

• Gloss: ‘fourteen’
• Ancestor: MLem ob‑yl
• Descendant
  • NLem ob‑a

okf‑a

• Gloss: ‘fight’
• Ancestor: MLem okf‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem okf‑a

otykpf‑yr

• Gloss: ‘high-born daughter’
• Ancestor: MLem otykpf‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem tykf‑a

òtpf‑yr

• Gloss: ‘brave’
• Connotation
  • Factive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem oatpf‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem otf‑a

òc‑a

• Gloss: ‘annoy’
• Connotation
  • Local narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem ooc‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem oc‑a

oxh‑yr

• Gloss: ‘joke’
• Ancestor: MLem oxh‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem oxh‑a

ohr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘tax’
• Ancestor: MLem ohr‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem ohr‑a

O

• Gloss: ‘exclusive or’
• Ancestor: MLem O
• Descendant
  • NLem O

Ò‑a

• Gloss: ‘wipe’
• Connotation
  • Instrumental narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem OU‑a
• Descendant
  • LMLem Ò‑lufw‑a

Òytkt‑yr

• Gloss: ‘year’
• Connotation
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem OOytkt‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem Ot‑a

Ò‑lufw‑a

• Gloss: ‘wipe’
• Constituents: LMLem Ò‑a + lufw‑yr
• Variant: clarifying compound
• Descendant
  • NLem Olw‑a

Òn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘lonely’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for place
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem OOn‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem On‑a

Ònkyrt‑ar

• Gloss: ‘Lone Runner (the God of trade)’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem OOnkyrt‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem Onkr‑a

Òdl‑ar

• Gloss: ‘mole’
• Connotation
  • Instrumental narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem OUdl‑a
• Irregularity: nominalisation
• Descendant
  • NLem Odl‑a

Otxx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sour’
• Ancestor: MLem Otxx‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem Otx‑a

Opfèhtt‑yr

• Gloss: ‘number’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem Opfeihtt‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem pfeht‑a

Ow‑yr

• Gloss: ‘ant’
• Ancestor: MLem Ow‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem Ow‑a

Ohahss‑yr

• Gloss: ‘power’
• Ancestor: MLem Ohahss‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem hahs‑a

Osàspt‑ar

• Gloss: ‘minister’
• Connotation
  • Dative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem Osayspt‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem sasp‑a

Osh‑a

• Gloss: ‘read’
• Ancestor: MLem Osh‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem Osh‑a

umpk‑a

• Gloss: ‘understand’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem umpk‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem umpx‑a

ujr‑a

• Gloss: ‘roar’
• Ancestor: MLem ujr‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem ujr‑a

uxtrè‑yr

• Gloss: ‘home’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem uxtree‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xtrO‑a

uxsor‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Lady Love’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem uxsor‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xsor‑a

usw‑a

• Gloss: ‘enjoy’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem usw‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem usw‑a

uf

• Gloss: ‘above’
• Ancestor: MLem uf
• Descendant
  • NLem uf‑a

ufpalx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sky’
• Ancestor: MLem ufpalx‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem fpalx‑a

Ur‑yr

• Gloss: ‘right [direction]’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: effect/purpose for cause/motive
• Ancestor: MLem Ur‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem Ur‑a

l‑a

• Gloss: ‘do’
• Ancestor: MLem l‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem l‑a

langmr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘dragonfly’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (weakening, hardening, concretising)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem langmr‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem lanagmr‑a

lè‑yr

• Gloss: ‘louse’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem lei‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem le‑a

lèr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘lip’
• Connotations
  • Local narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem leer‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem ler‑a

lèng‑yr

• Gloss: ‘spoon’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem leeng‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem leng‑a

lèmin‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Lemizh’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem leemin‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem lem‑a

lèb‑ar

• Gloss: ‘flower’
• Connotations
  • Softening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem leeb‑ar
• Descendants
  • LMLem lèb‑xÒj‑ar
  • NLem leb‑a

leber‑yr

• Gloss: ‘rabbit (via Elb from Iberian, see lepus)’
• Descendant
  • NLem blOr‑a

lèb‑xÒj‑ar

• Gloss: ‘daisy’
• Constituents: LMLem lèb‑ar + xÒj‑yr
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • NLem lepxOj‑a

lek‑a

• Gloss: ‘jump’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem lek‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem lek‑a

lew‑yr

• Gloss: ‘lion’
• Connotation
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
• Ancestor: MLem lew‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem lew‑a

lèx‑ar

• Gloss: ‘glass’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem leex‑a
• Irregularity: nominalisation
• Descendant
  • NLem lex‑a

lèxecÒ‑yr

• Gloss: ‘fairy’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem leexecOO‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem lejcO‑a

lèqx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘summer’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem leeqx‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem leqx‑a

lingj‑a

• Gloss: ‘house’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: content for container
• Ancestor: MLem lingj‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem lingj‑a

lingjwont‑yr

• Gloss: ‘window’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem lingjwont‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem jmunt‑a

lingjfÒs‑yr

• Gloss: ‘portal, front door’
• Connotation
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem lingjfOOs‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem jmUs‑a

lint‑a

• Gloss: ‘touch’
• Ancestor: MLem lint‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem lint‑a

limèn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘harbour’
• Ancestor: Koi λιμήν
• Descendant
  • NLem men‑a

libÙ‑yr

• Gloss: ‘(North) Africa’
• Ancestor: Koi λιβύ‑η
• Descendant
  • NLem blU‑a

licènd‑yr

• Gloss: ‘summary’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem liceend‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem rend‑a

liqk‑a

• Gloss: ‘race’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem liqk‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem liqk‑a

loxw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘temple’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
• Ancestor: MLem loxw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem loxw‑a

lung‑a

• Gloss: ‘break by bending’
• Ancestor: MLem lung‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem lung‑a

lumb‑yr

• Gloss: ‘boyfriend, girlfriend’
• Ancestor: MLem lumb‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem lumb‑a

luxsj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘lynx’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: content for container
• Ancestor: MLem luxsj‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem luxh‑a

lufr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘skin, peel’
• Ancestor: MLem lufr‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem lufr‑a

lufw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘clean’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
• Ancestor: MLem lufw‑yr
• Descendants
  • LMLem Ò‑lufw‑a
  • NLem luw‑a

lz‑ir

• Gloss: ‘spring’
• Ancestor: MLem lz‑ir
• Descendant
  • NLem R‑a

Rarj‑ar

• Gloss: ‘colour’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem Rarj‑ar
• Descendants
  • LMLem xàj‑Rarj‑yr
  • NLem Rarj‑a

Ran‑yr

• Gloss: ‘goose’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem Ran‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem Ran‑a

Rangwj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘snake’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metonymy: content for container
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem Rangwj‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem Rangz‑a

Rand‑a

• Gloss: ‘digress’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem Rand‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem Rand‑a

Randz‑a

• Gloss: ‘thrive, prosper’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem Randz‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem Randz‑a

Rankt‑a

• Gloss: ‘command’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem Rankt‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem Ranks‑a

Rant‑yr

• Gloss: ‘shoulder’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem Rant‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem Rant‑a

Ranp‑a

• Gloss: ‘ashamed’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem Ranp‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem Ranp‑a

Ranxt‑yr

• Gloss: ‘duck’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem Ranxt‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem Ranxt‑a

Reng‑a

• Gloss: ‘live’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem Reng‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem Reng‑a

Renb‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bag’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem Renb‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem Renb‑a

Règ‑yr

• Gloss: ‘soul’
• Connotations
  • Softening narrowing
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem Reeg‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem Reg‑a

R‑yr

• Gloss: ‘each’
• Ancestor: MLem R‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem R‑a

Rynar‑yr

• Gloss: ‘peace’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem Rynar‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem nar‑a

Ryndzont‑yr

• Gloss: ‘plant, something growing’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem Ryndzont‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem nont‑a

Rozw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘road, street’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem Rozw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem Rozw‑a

Rostxj‑er

• Gloss: ‘strange lands’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: content for container
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem Rostxj‑er
• Descendant
  • NLem Rostx‑a

rè‑a

• Gloss: ‘win’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem ree‑a
• Descendant
  • LMLem rè‑mizt‑yr

rentk‑a

• Gloss: ‘tackle confidently’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem rentk‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem rentx‑a

rè‑mizt‑yr

• Gloss: ‘win’
• Constituents: LMLem rè‑a + mizt‑yr
• Variant: clarifying compound
• Descendant
  • NLem remst‑a

rèdmyn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘meteorite iron’
• Connotations
  • Softening narrowing
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem reedmyn‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem redm‑a

ret‑a

• Gloss: ‘steer’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem ret‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem ret‑a

repkongj‑ar

• Gloss: ‘tortoise’
• Ancestor: MLem repkongj‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem fkrongj‑a

reqk‑a

• Gloss: ‘meet’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem reqk‑a
• Descendants
  • LMLem bul‑reqk‑a
  • NLem reqk‑a

r‑yr

• Gloss: ‘one’
• Ancestor: MLem r‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem r‑a

rink‑a

• Gloss: ‘tear, break’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem rink‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem rink‑a

rÒs‑yr

• Gloss: ‘frost’
• Connotation
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem rOOs‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem rOs‑a

rundr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘red’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem rundr‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem rundr‑a

runp‑a

• Gloss: ‘break, snap’
• Ancestor: MLem runp‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem runp‑a

n‑a

• Gloss: ‘not’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem ne‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem n‑a

nanw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘habit(ual)’
• Ancestor: MLem nanw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem nanw‑a

namr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘valley’
• Ancestor: MLem namr‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem namr‑a

napègi‑yr

• Gloss: ‘shipyard’
• Ancestor: Koi ναυ‑πήγι‑ον
• Descendant
  • NLem meg‑a

nas‑yr

• Gloss: ‘nose’
• Ancestor: MLem nas‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem nas‑a

nè‑yl

• Gloss: ‘nine’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem nee‑yl
• Descendant
  • LMLem nèh‑yl

neRwas‑yr

• Gloss: ‘tired’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem neRwas‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem jmRas‑a

nènì‑a

• Gloss: ‘run’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem neenii‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem neni‑a

nem‑a

• Gloss: ‘tilt’
• Ancestor: MLem nem‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem nem‑a

nemb‑a

• Gloss: ‘burst, tear’
• Ancestor: MLem nemb‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem nemb‑a

nezd‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bird’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem nezd‑yr
• Descendants
  • LMLem cÒ‑nezd‑yr
  • NLem nezd‑a

nèzdwor‑a

• Gloss: ‘become acquainted, get to know’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem neezdwor‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem nezadwr‑a

nèh‑yl

• Gloss: ‘nine’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Constituents: LMLem nè‑yl + dih‑yl
• Variant: contamination
• Descendant
  • NLem neh‑a

nefos‑yr

• Gloss: ‘descendant’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem nefos‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xmus‑a

nefton‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Nephew of the Waters’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem nefton‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xmun‑a

nòm‑yr

• Gloss: ‘law’
• Ancestor: Koi νόμ‑ος
• Descendant
  • NLem nom‑a

malngw‑a

• Gloss: ‘hinder, restrain’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem malngw‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem maljm‑a

maltk‑a

• Gloss: ‘melt’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem maltk‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem maltx‑a

marnk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘insect, pest’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem marnk‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem marn‑a

margjw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘short-tempered’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
• Ancestor: MLem margjw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem margz‑a

manw‑a

• Gloss: ‘affection’
• Connotation
  • Softening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem manw‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem manw‑a

magnèti‑yr

• Gloss: ‘magnet’
• Ancestor: Koi μαγνῆτι‑ς
• Descendant
  • NLem ned‑a

mazd‑yr

• Gloss: ‘fat’
• Ancestor: MLem mazd‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem mazd‑a

mè‑a

• Gloss: ‘make’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem mee‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem me‑a

mèm‑yr

• Gloss: ‘meat’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem meem‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem mem‑a

mèmun‑yr

• Gloss: ‘monkey’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem meimun‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem mem‑a

mec‑yr

• Gloss: ‘fill’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem mec‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem mec‑a

mev‑yr

• Gloss: ‘wise’
• Ancestor: MLem mev‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem mev‑a

mèxk‑a

• Gloss: ‘lie’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem meexk‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem mexk‑a

mès‑yr

• Gloss: ‘child (of someone)’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem mees‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem mes‑a

mèsur‑yr

• Gloss: ‘fly’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem meesur‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem mezr‑a

milivev‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bear’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem milivev‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem vmlev‑a

miliv‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sweet’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem miliv‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem mliv‑a

mineswel‑yr

• Gloss: ‘moth’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem minesw‑el‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem swmil‑a

minesw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘owl’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem minesw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem mesw‑a

mind‑yr

• Gloss: ‘wine’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem mindu‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem mind‑a

mindudarw‑a

• Gloss: ‘gather for entertainment’
• Ancestor: MLem mindudarw‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem marw‑a

mimal‑yl

• Gloss: ‘separate [nominal]’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem mimal‑yl
• Descendant
  • NLem mal‑a

mitn‑a

• Gloss: ‘sleep’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem mit‑ne‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem mitn‑a

mitnèl‑yr

• Gloss: ‘temple (region of skull)’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem mitne‑el‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem mel‑a

mizdz‑yr

• Gloss: ‘reward, payment’
• Ancestor: MLem mizdz‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem mizdz‑a

mizt‑yr

• Gloss: ‘reward’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem mizt‑yr
• Descendants
  • LMLem rè‑mizt‑yr
  • NLem mist‑a

mih‑a

• Gloss: ‘sort’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem mih‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem mih‑a

mihk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘salad’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem mihk‑a
• Irregularity: nominalisation
• Descendant
  • NLem mihk‑a

mihkont‑ar

• Gloss: ‘healer (one mixing potions)’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem mihkont‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem hnunt‑a

miqk‑a

• Gloss: ‘opportunity’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem miqk‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem miqk‑a

miqxp‑ar

• Gloss: ‘star’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem miqxpe‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem miqxp‑a

mifont‑yr

• Gloss: ‘plant, fungus’
• Ancestor: MLem mifont‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem fmunt‑a

morwj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘anthill’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: content for container
• Ancestor: MLem morwj‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem morwj‑a

mur‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sea’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem muri‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem mur‑a

musan‑a

• Gloss: ‘keep safe’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem musan‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem smyn‑a

mUrià‑yr

• Gloss: ‘65536’
• Ancestor: Koi μυριά‑ς
• Descendant
  • NLem mra‑a

mUs‑yr

• Gloss: ‘mouse’
• Ancestor: MLem mUs‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem mUs‑a

mlèxmyn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘thing spoken’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem mleexmyn‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem mlejm‑a

mnask‑a

• Gloss: ‘think’
• Ancestor: MLem mnask‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem mask‑a

garbw‑a

• Gloss: ‘carve’
• Ancestor: MLem garbw‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem garbw‑a

garxn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘grain’
• Ancestor: MLem garxn‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem garxn‑a

gan‑a

• Gloss: ‘sing’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem gan‑a
• Descendants
  • LMLem xàj‑gan‑yr
  • NLem gan‑a

gabl‑yr

• Gloss: ‘fork’
• Connotation
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
• Ancestor: MLem gabl‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem gabl‑a

gèr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘kind of garment for adults’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem geer‑a
• Irregularity: nominalisation
• Descendant
  • NLem ger‑a

genman‑yr

• Gloss: ‘offspring, seed’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem genman‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem gnyn‑a

gèd‑yr

• Gloss: ‘whale’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem geed‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem ged‑a

gecan‑a

• Gloss: ‘produce’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem gecan‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem gcan‑a

gèxmyn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘servant’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem geexmyn‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem gejm‑a

gyrter‑yr

• Gloss: ‘chicken’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem gyrter‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem grOr‑a

gom

• Gloss: ‘outside’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem gom
• Descendant
  • NLem gom‑a

gomem‑yr

• Gloss: ‘qualities, abilities (of someone)’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem gomem‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem gmim‑a

gun‑yr

• Gloss: ‘corner’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem gunu‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem gun‑a

gundr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘good’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem gundr‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem gundr‑a

guxl‑yr

• Gloss: ‘antimony [from Akkadian]’
• Ancestor: MLem guxl‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem guxl‑a

gUmin‑a

• Gloss: ‘pray, call upon’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem gUmin‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem gmin‑a

gUmnàsi‑yr

• Gloss: ‘(gymnastic) school’
• Ancestor: Koi γυμνάσι‑ον
• Descendant
  • NLem gmyz‑a

gramm‑yr

• Gloss: ‘line’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: Koi γραμμ‑ή
• Descendant
  • NLem grom‑a

gmr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘warm’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (weakening, hardening, concretising)
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem gmru‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem gmr‑a

gj‑yl

• Gloss: ‘fifteen’
• Ancestor: MLem gj‑yl
• Descendant
  • NLem gj‑a

gjingung‑a

• Gloss: ‘make harmless trickeries, cheat’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem gjingung‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem gjnung‑a

gjisor‑a

• Gloss: ‘welcome, show respect’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem gjisor‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem gjor‑a

gwal‑a

• Gloss: ‘blaze’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem gwal‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem gwal‑a

gwaln‑a

• Gloss: ‘grind’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem gwaln‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem gwaln‑a

gwalp‑yr

• Gloss: ‘cup’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem gwalp‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem gwalp‑a

gwas‑yr

• Gloss: ‘cheese’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem gwas‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem gwas‑a

gwèl‑yr

• Gloss: ‘coal’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem gweel‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem gwel‑a

gwer‑a

• Gloss: ‘knife’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem gwer‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem gwer‑a

gwet‑a

• Gloss: ‘teach’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem gwet‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem gwet‑a

gwehh‑a

• Gloss: ‘trick’
• Connotations
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: MLem gwehh‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem gweh‑a

gw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘someone, anyone’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem gw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem gw‑a

gwir‑yr

• Gloss: ‘skewer, spear’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem gwiru‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem gwir‑a

gwìbl‑a

• Gloss: ‘be healthy’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem gwiiblu‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem gwibl‑a

gwisk‑ar

• Gloss: ‘careful’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem gwisk‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem gwisk‑a

gwiq‑yl

• Gloss: ‘four’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem gwiq‑yl
• Descendant
  • NLem gwiq‑a

gwò‑yr

• Gloss: ‘cow’
• Connotation
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem gwou‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem gwo‑a

gword‑yr

• Gloss: ‘rose’
• Connotation
  • Softening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem gword‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem gword‑a

gwon‑ar

• Gloss: ‘eager’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem gwon‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem gwon‑a

gwÒl‑yr

• Gloss: ‘neck’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem gwOOl‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem gwOl‑a

dal‑ar

• Gloss: ‘sword’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem dal‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem dal‑a

darngj‑a

• Gloss: ‘hold (fast)’
• Ancestor: MLem darngj‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem darjn‑a

darw‑a

• Gloss: ‘dance’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Weakening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem darw‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem darw‑a

danòj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Danube’
• Connotation
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
• Ancestor: MLem danouj‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem dnuj‑a

dans‑yr

• Gloss: ‘adept, confident’
• Ancestor: MLem dans‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem dans‑a

damk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘brick’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem damk‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem damk‑a

dap‑yr

• Gloss: ‘flour’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem dap‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem dap‑a

daxt‑a

• Gloss: ‘must’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem daxt‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem daxt‑a

demt‑a

• Gloss: ‘see’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (weakening, hardening, concretising)
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem demt‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem demt‑a

dèqur‑yr

• Gloss: ‘shiny, yellow’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem deequr‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem devr‑a

dyrkterengj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘thimble’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem dyrkterengj‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem skrOngj‑a

dyrkter‑yr

• Gloss: ‘finger’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem dyrkter‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem skrOr‑a

dyngwè‑yr

• Gloss: ‘tongue’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem dyngwee‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem djmi‑a

dìarà‑yr

• Gloss: ‘tiara’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Factive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem diaaraa‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem dira‑a

div‑a

• Gloss: ‘bind’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem div‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem div‑a

dih‑yl

• Gloss: ‘ten’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem dih‑yl
• Descendants
  • LMLem nèh‑yl
  • NLem dih‑a

dìsk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘disk, circle’
• Ancestor: Koi δίσκ‑ος
• Descendant
  • NLem disk‑a

domàti‑yr

• Gloss: ‘room, chamber’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: Koi δωμάτι‑ον
• Descendant
  • NLem dmyd‑a

dòbè‑yr

• Gloss: ‘carpet, rug’
• Connotations
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem doubee‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem dobe‑a

dÒ‑a

• Gloss: ‘give’
• Connotation
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem dOO‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem dO‑a

dÒaptf‑a

• Gloss: ‘pay’
• Connotation
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem dOO‑aptf‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem dOpf‑a

dÒmyn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bowl’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem dOOmyn‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem dOm‑a

dur‑yr

• Gloss: ‘wood (material)’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem duru‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem dur‑a

durul‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bush’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem durul‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem drul‑a

duruzd‑yr

• Gloss: ‘stool, chair’
• Ancestor: MLem duruzd‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem druzd‑a

dux‑a

• Gloss: ‘pull’
• Ancestor: MLem dux‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem dux‑a

dluxw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘tasty’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
• Ancestor: MLem dluxw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem dluxw‑a

drep‑ir

• Gloss: ‘midge biting season’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem drep‑ir
• Descendant
  • NLem drOp‑a

dryn‑a

• Gloss: ‘citrus’
• Descendant
  • NLem drun‑a

drò‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Troy’
• Connotation
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem drou‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem dro‑a

drn‑a

• Gloss: ‘run’
• Connotation
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem drnu‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem dn‑a

djè‑yr

• Gloss: ‘day, daytime’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem djei‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem dje‑a

djèmyn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘idea’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem djeemyn‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem djem‑a

djèpys‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Father Sky’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem djeipys‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem djeps‑a

djèqif‑yr

• Gloss: ‘week’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem djei‑qif‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem djevf‑a

dzingom‑yr

• Gloss: ‘soil’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem dzingom‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem dznum‑a

dzingmès‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Mother Earth’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem dzingmees‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem dznis‑a

dziskont‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Seedputter (the God of agriculture)’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem dziskont‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem dzokont‑a

dw‑a

• Gloss: ‘move about’
• Connotations
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem dw‑a
• Descendants
  • LMLem dw‑tx‑a
  • NLem dw‑a

dwarn‑a

• Gloss: ‘marry’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem dwarn‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem dwarn‑a

dwarnw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘enthusiasm’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem dwarnw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem dwarjm‑a

dwant‑a

• Gloss: ‘shatter’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Softening narrowing
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem dwant‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem dwant‑a

dwaxner‑ar

• Gloss: ‘nomad’
• Ancestor: MLem dwaxner‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem dznir‑a

dwijèm‑yr

• Gloss: ‘twin’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem dwijeem‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem dwjem‑a

dwor‑a

• Gloss: ‘pasture gate’
• Connotation
  • Weakening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem dwor‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem dwor‑a

dwÒ‑yl

• Gloss: ‘two’
• Connotation
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem dwOO‑yl
• Descendants
  • LMLem dwÒ‑wer‑yr
  • NLem dwO‑a

dwÒ‑wer‑yr

• Gloss: ‘amphora, bottle’
• Constituents: LMLem dwÒ‑yl + wer‑a
• Variant: compound
• Irregularity: nominalisation
• Descendant
  • NLem dwOwr‑a

dw‑tx‑a

• Gloss: ‘doubt’
• Constituents: LMLem dw‑a + tx‑ar
• Variant: clarifying compound
• Descendant
  • NLem dwatx‑a

bark‑yr

• Gloss: ‘dwarf’
• Ancestor: MLem bark‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem bark‑a

babj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘parrot’
• Ancestor: MLem babj‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem babj‑a

bàj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘garden’
• Descendant
  • NLem baj‑a

bax‑a

• Gloss: ‘backtopoint’
• Ancestor: MLem bax‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem bax‑a

basilè‑ar

• Gloss: ‘lord, chief’
• Connotation
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: Koi βασιλεῦ‑ς
• Descendant
  • NLem pslO‑a

bast‑ar

• Gloss: ‘hero’
• Ancestor: Koi βαστ‑ώ
• Irregularity: nominalisation
• Descendant
  • NLem bast‑a

bèmbik‑yr

• Gloss: ‘cone’
• Ancestor: Koi βέμβιξ
• Descendant
  • NLem bempx‑a

bebèr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘pepper (Piper nigrum)’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem bebeiri‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem ber‑a

b‑yr

• Gloss: ‘female’
• Ancestor: MLem b‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem b‑a

bybil‑a

• Gloss: ‘bless’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem bybil‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem bil‑a

biblì‑yr

• Gloss: ‘book’
• Ancestor: Koi βιβλί‑ον
• Descendant
  • NLem blU‑a

bodaragn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘drum’
• Connotation
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
• Ancestor: MLem bodaragn‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem wdrogn‑a

bul‑yr

• Gloss: ‘senate’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > South Hellenic not finished yet!
  • South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: Koi βουλ‑ή
• Descendant
  • LMLem bul‑reqk‑a

bul‑reqk‑a

• Gloss: ‘senate’
• Constituents: LMLem bul‑yr + reqk‑a
• Variant: clarifying compound
• Descendant
  • NLem bleqk‑a

bl‑yr

• Gloss: ‘strong’
• Connotation
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem blu‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem bl‑a

blUrdz‑a

• Gloss: ‘shout, curse’
• Connotation
  • Factive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem blUrdz‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem blUrdz‑a

bw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘4/6’
• Ancestor: MLem bw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem bw‑a

bwyrgjent‑yr

• Gloss: ‘the High One (Goddess of spring)’
• Connotations
  • Unsupported ending! Use root for verbs.
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem bwyrgjent‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem bwegjrOnt‑a

bwimbì‑yr

• Gloss: ‘fear [noun]’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem bwimbii‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem bwmi‑a

k‑a

• Gloss: ‘opposition’
• Ancestor: MLem k‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem k‑a

kalp‑a

• Gloss: ‘steal’
• Ancestor: MLem kalp‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem kalp‑a

karòt‑yr

• Gloss: ‘carrot’
• Ancestor: Koi καρῶτ‑ον
• Descendant
  • NLem grot‑a

kart‑a

• Gloss: ‘hunt’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem kart‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem kart‑a

karw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘carnyx (musical instrument)’
• Connotation
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
• Ancestor: MLem karw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem karw‑a

karxn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘horn’
• Ancestor: MLem karxn‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem karxn‑a

karst‑yr

• Gloss: ‘throat’
• Ancestor: MLem karst‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem karst‑a

kàmel‑yr

• Gloss: ‘camel’
• Ancestor: Koi κάμηλ‑ος
• Descendant
  • NLem kaml‑a

kàt‑yr

• Gloss: ‘cat’
• Connotation
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem kaut‑yr
• Descendants
  • LMLem cÒehw‑kàt‑Ur
  • NLem kat‑a

kafr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘intelligent’
• Ancestor: MLem kafr‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem kafr‑a

kafk‑a

• Gloss: ‘seize’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem kafk‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem kafk‑a

kè‑a

• Gloss: ‘swing’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem kei‑a
• Descendant
  • LMLem kè‑alt‑ar

kè‑alt‑ar

• Gloss: ‘pendulum’
• Constituents: LMLem kè‑a + alt‑yr
• Variant: compound
• Irregularity: nominalisation
• Descendant
  • NLem kelt‑a

keras‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sweet cherry (tree)’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem keras‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem gros‑a

kerd‑ar

• Gloss: ‘heart, beat’
• Ancestor: MLem kerd‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem kerd‑a

kèm‑a

• Gloss: ‘allow’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem keem‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem kem‑a

kejgj‑a

• Gloss: ‘well’
• Ancestor: MLem kejgj‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem kejgj‑a

kèxk‑a

• Gloss: ‘regret’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem keexk‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem kexk‑a

kehev‑a

• Gloss: ‘call’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem kehev‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem khev‑a

kesman‑yr

• Gloss: ‘tail’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem kesman‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem ksmyn‑a

kesmUs‑yr

• Gloss: ‘squirrel’
• Ancestor: MLem kesmUs‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem ksmUs‑a

kyfus‑yr

• Gloss: ‘brain’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem kyfus‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem kfus‑a

kibot‑yr

• Gloss: ‘voting urn’
• Ancestor: Koi κιβωτ‑ός
• Descendant
  • NLem jbot‑a

korj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘male association’
• Ancestor: MLem korj‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem korj‑a

konì‑yr

• Gloss: ‘plaster (for coating walls)’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: Koi κονί‑ᾱ
• Descendant
  • NLem gni‑a

kòni‑yr

• Gloss: ‘powder’
• Ancestor: Koi κόνι‑ς
• Descendant
  • NLem kon‑a

kurtrè‑yr

• Gloss: ‘war’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem kurtree‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem grO‑a

kurtrèmUs‑yr

• Gloss: ‘rat’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem kurtreemUs‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem grOms‑a

kuk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘cuckoo’
• Connotation
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem kuku‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem kuk‑a

kuzt‑a

• Gloss: ‘weep’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem kuzt‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem kust‑a

kuxwar‑yr

• Gloss: ‘faeces’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem kuxwar‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem kxwar‑a

kuxw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘tuber’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
• Ancestor: MLem kuxw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem kuxw‑a

kÙkl‑yr

• Gloss: ‘wheel, circle’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: Koi κύκλ‑ος
• Descendant
  • NLem kUkl‑a

kÙper‑yr

• Gloss: ‘papyrus’
• Ancestor: Koi κύπειρ‑ον
• Descendant
  • NLem kUbr‑a

krè‑yr

• Gloss: ‘blood (outside the body)’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem krei‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem krO‑a

krègwon‑ar

• Gloss: ‘mad’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem kreigwon‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem krOgwn‑a

krixr‑a

• Gloss: ‘scratch’
• Connotation
  • Instrumental narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem krixrU‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem krUxr‑a

krutt‑yr

• Gloss: ‘lyre’
• Ancestor: MLem krutt‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem krut‑a

krn‑a

• Gloss: ‘separate [tr.]’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem krne‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem kn‑a

knè‑yr

• Gloss: ‘nut’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem knee‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem kni‑a

knoR‑yr

• Gloss: ‘nape’
• Ancestor: MLem knoR‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem knuR‑a

kt‑a

• Gloss: ‘dig’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem kt‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem xt‑a

kxynÒ‑yr

• Gloss: ‘gosling’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem kxynOO‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem kxnU‑a

ksefel‑ar

• Gloss: ‘sundial’
• Connotation
  • Weakening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem ksef‑el‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem ksfel‑a

ksef‑yr

• Gloss: ‘shadow, shade’
• Connotation
  • Weakening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem ksef‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem ksef‑a

ksr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘grey’
• Ancestor: MLem ksr‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem ksr‑a

kfrar‑yr

• Gloss: ‘important’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem kfrar‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem kfror‑a

kfrend‑a

• Gloss: ‘claim’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem kfrend‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem kfrOnd‑a

t‑a

• Gloss: ‘make’
• Ancestor: MLem t‑a

talnk‑a

• Gloss: ‘burden [tr.]’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem talnk‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem taln‑a

talp‑yr

• Gloss: ‘spacious’
• Ancestor: MLem talp‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem talp‑a

tar‑a

• Gloss: ‘twist’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem tar‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem tar‑a

tarns‑yr

• Gloss: ‘dry land, steppe’
• Ancestor: MLem tarns‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem tarsn‑a

tart‑yr

• Gloss: ‘ash’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem tart‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem tart‑a

tarfk‑a

• Gloss: ‘wound’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem tarfk‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem tarfk‑a

tank‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bone’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem tank‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem tank‑a

tamn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘(surprise) attack’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem tamn‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem tam‑a

taxj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘dwelling’
• Ancestor: MLem taxj‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem taj‑a

tèR‑a

• Gloss: ‘touch (intentionally), grasp’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem teeR‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem teR‑a

tek‑a

• Gloss: ‘grasp’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem tek‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem tek‑a

tèt‑yr

• Gloss: ‘people, tribe’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem teet‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem tet‑a

tetràgon‑yr

• Gloss: ‘square, rectangle’
• Ancestor: Koi τετρά‑γων‑ον
• Descendant
  • NLem strogn‑a

tèx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘seed’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem teex‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem tex‑a

tèxn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘art’
• Connotation
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: Koi τέχν‑η
• Descendant
  • NLem texn‑a

teqk‑a

• Gloss: ‘produce’
• Ancestor: MLem teqk‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem teqk‑a

t‑yr

• Gloss: ‘this, that’
• Ancestor: MLem t‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem t‑a

tir‑a

• Gloss: ‘more’
• Connotation
  • Local narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem tiro‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem tir‑a

tUpèsk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘dolphin’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem tUpeesk‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem spesk‑a

tÙp‑yr

• Gloss: ‘(something) typical’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: Koi τύπ‑ος
• Descendant
  • NLem tUp‑a

tÙx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘chance, luck’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Cohyponymic transfer: obscure for familiar thing (pejorative)
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: Koi τύχ‑η
• Descendant
  • NLem tUx‑a

tlèn‑a

• Gloss: ‘endure, pluck up courage’
• Descendant
  • NLem tlOn‑a

tràmi‑yr

• Gloss: ‘gut’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: Koi τράμι‑ς
• Descendant
  • NLem trom‑a

trè‑yl

• Gloss: ‘three’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem tree‑yl
• Descendant
  • NLem trO‑a

trigj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘music’
• Connotation
• Ancestor: MLem trigj‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem trUgj‑a

troxk‑ar

• Gloss: ‘beaver’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem troxk‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem troxk‑a

tkam‑yl

• Gloss: ‘256’
• Connotation
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem tkam‑yl
• Descendant
  • NLem skam‑a

tkesk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘settlement’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem tkesk‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem skesk‑a

tp‑yr

• Gloss: ‘warm, hot’
• Connotation
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem tpu‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem sp‑a

tpolj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘barrier’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: content for container
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem tpolj‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem spolj‑a

tx‑ar

• Gloss: ‘doubtful’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem txu‑ar
• Descendant
  • LMLem dw‑tx‑a

txubl‑yr

• Gloss: ‘tunnel’
• Connotation
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem txublu‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem txubl‑a

txutk‑a

• Gloss: ‘loud’
• Ancestor: MLem txut‑k‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem txusk‑a

palw‑a

• Gloss: ‘float’
• Ancestor: MLem palw‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem palw‑a

palxòj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘(flat) pasture land’
• Connotation
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem palxouj‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem pxloj‑a

park‑a

• Gloss: ‘request’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem park‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem park‑a

part‑a

• Gloss: ‘barely succeed’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem part‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem part‑a

parstx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘basket’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: content for container
• Ancestor: MLem parstx‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem parsatx‑a

pàn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘faun’
• Ancestor: Koi πᾱ́ν
• Descendant
  • NLem pan‑a

pangdj‑ar

• Gloss: ‘determined, authoritative’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metonymy: content for container
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem pangdj‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem pangj‑a

perpif‑a

• Gloss: ‘move around (violently)’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem perpif‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem fprUf‑a

perwer‑a

• Gloss: ‘wear’
• Ancestor: MLem perwer‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem bwrOr‑a

pet‑yr

• Gloss: ‘correct’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem pet‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem pet‑a

pèvont‑yr

• Gloss: ‘straight’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem peevont‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem pevn‑a

pèx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘pine needle > leaf’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem peex‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem pex‑a

pexw‑a

• Gloss: ‘cook’
• Ancestor: MLem pexw‑a

pèsk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘fish’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem peesk‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem pesk‑a

pèqur‑yr

• Gloss: ‘lark’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem peequr‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem pevr‑a

pèfil‑a

• Gloss: ‘fold’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem peefil‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem pewl‑a

pylmen‑yr

• Gloss: ‘full’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem pylmen‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem bmin‑a

pylk‑a

• Gloss: ‘unlock’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem pylk‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem pylk‑a

pyrzil‑yr

• Gloss: ‘iron’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem pyrzil‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem bRUl‑a

pyser‑yr

• Gloss: ‘someone’s child, son’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem pyser‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem pser‑a

pì‑a

• Gloss: ‘ask’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem pii‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem pi‑a

pilor‑yr

• Gloss: ‘copper’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem pilor‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem blor‑a

pin‑yl

• Gloss: ‘five’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem pin‑yl
• Descendant
  • NLem pin‑a

pìp‑abgc‑yr

• Gloss: ‘poison’
• Constituents: LMLem pìp‑yr + abgc‑yr
• Variant: clarifying compound
• Descendant
  • NLem pibc‑a

pìp‑yr

• Gloss: ‘poison’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem piip‑yr
• Descendant
  • LMLem pìp‑abgc‑yr

pisk‑a

• Gloss: ‘crush’
• Ancestor: MLem pisk‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem pisk‑a

piqxar‑yr

• Gloss: ‘wing’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem piqxar‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem pqxar‑a

pif‑a

• Gloss: ‘move (purposefully)’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem pif‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem pif‑a

pifì‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bulge [noun]’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem pifii‑yr
• Descendants
  • LMLem xàj‑pifì‑yr
  • NLem pfi‑a

pifn‑a

• Gloss: ‘stand (up)’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem pif‑ne‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem pifn‑a

pòli‑yr

• Gloss: ‘city’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: Koi πόλι‑ς
• Descendant
  • NLem pol‑a

pÒz‑yr

• Gloss: ‘foot’
• Connotation
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem pOOz‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem pOz‑a

pÙrg‑yr

• Gloss: ‘tower’
• Connotation
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
• Ancestor: Koi πύργ‑ος
• Descendant
  • NLem pUrg‑a

plèm‑yr

• Gloss: ‘lung’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem pleem‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem plOm‑a

pleqk‑a

• Gloss: ‘spread [of diseases, rumours]’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem pleqk‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem plOqk‑a

pleqkc‑yr

• Gloss: ‘mould’
• Connotation
  • Instrumental narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem pleqkcU‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem plOvgc‑a

prìn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘pleasing, dear [of things]’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem priin‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem prUn‑a

prÒ

• Gloss: ‘in front of’
• Connotation
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem prOO
• Descendant
  • NLem prO‑a

prùnt‑yr

• Gloss: ‘stag’
• Connotation
  • Local narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem pruont‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem prunt‑a

prusank‑a

• Gloss: ‘snort, froth’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem prusank‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem psronk‑a

pkùr‑a

• Gloss: ‘shoot arrows’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem pkueru‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem fkur‑a

ptarsk‑a

• Gloss: ‘sneeze’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem ptarsk‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem ftarsk‑a

ptank‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bird of prey’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem ptank‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem ftank‑a

ptax‑a

• Gloss: ‘duck [verb]’
• Ancestor: MLem ptax‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem ftax‑a

psalì‑yr

• Gloss: ‘scissors’
• Ancestor: Koi ψαλί‑ς
• Descendant
  • NLem pslU‑a

psUx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘psyche’
• Connotation
  • South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: Koi ψῡχ‑ή
• Descendant
  • NLem psUx‑a

j‑a

• Gloss: ‘move, go’
• Ancestor: MLem j‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem j‑a

jenj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bored’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem jenj‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem jenj‑a

jèm‑yr

• Gloss: ‘ice’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Local narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem jeem‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem jem‑a

jek‑yr

• Gloss: ‘mouth’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem jek‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem jek‑a

jèt‑a

• Gloss: ‘name’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem jeet‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem jet‑a

jèxè‑ar

• Gloss: ‘baker’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem jeexee‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem jexe‑a

jèxw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bile’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem jeexw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem jexw‑a

jèsakx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘ship soup’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem jees‑akx‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem jeskx‑a

jesl‑yl

• Gloss: ‘4096’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem jesl‑yl
• Descendant
  • NLem jesl‑a

jingj‑a

• Gloss: ‘crave’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem jingj‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem jingj‑a

jinxter‑yr

• Gloss: ‘brother-in-law’s wife’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem jinxter‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xnir‑a

jixar‑yr

• Gloss: ‘year’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem jixar‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xar‑a

jork‑yr

• Gloss: ‘roe deer’
• Ancestor: MLem jork‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem jork‑a

jUr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘worm’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem jUr‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem jUr‑a

jUpìf‑yr

• Gloss: ‘foreigner’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem jUpiif‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xpif‑a

cargj‑a

• Gloss: ‘drag, pull’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: MLem cargj‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem cargj‑a

carw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘law’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: MLem carw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem carw‑a

can‑yr

• Gloss: ‘complete, all’
• Connotations
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem can‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem can‑a

candz‑ar

• Gloss: ‘spicy, hot’
• Connotations
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem candz‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem candz‑a

cank‑a

• Gloss: ‘swim’
• Connotations
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem cank‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem cank‑a

canxw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘dust’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: MLem canxw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem canxw‑a

cambr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘1/6’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: MLem cambr‑yr
• Descendants
  • LMLem crumbw‑yr
  • NLem cambr‑a

cambw‑a

• Gloss: ‘hurt’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: MLem cambw‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem cambw‑a

camk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘hand’
• Connotations
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem camk‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem camk‑a

cÒ‑ehw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘hair’
• Constituents: LMLem cÒ‑yr + ehw‑yr
• Variant: compound
• Descendants
  • LMLem cÒehw‑kàt‑Ur
  • NLem cOhw‑a

cÒehw‑kàt‑Ur

• Gloss: ‘static electricity’
• Constituents: LMLem cÒ‑ehw‑yr + kàt‑yr
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • NLem cOhfkat‑a

cÒ‑yr

• Gloss: ‘awn’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem cOO‑yr
• Descendants
  • LMLem cÒ‑ehw‑yr
  • LMLem cÒ‑nezd‑yr

cÒ‑nezd‑yr

• Gloss: ‘feather’
• Constituents: LMLem cÒ‑yr + nezd‑yr
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • NLem cOnzd‑a

cÒx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘field’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
  • Temporal narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem cOOxe‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem cOx‑a

cUr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘underworldly’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: MLem cUr‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem cUr‑a

cUnw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘child’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem cUnw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem cUnw‑a

cUtir‑yr

• Gloss: ‘daughter’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Metonymy: effect/purpose for cause/motive
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: MLem cUtir‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem htir‑a

crumbw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘2/6’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Melioration narrowing
• Constituents: LMLem srumbw‑yr + cambr‑yr
• Variant: contamination
• Descendant
  • NLem crumbw‑a

zing‑a

• Gloss: ‘deform’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: MLem zing‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem zing‑a

zÒmuxt‑a

• Gloss: ‘guide’
• Connotation
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem zOOmuxt‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem zOmxt‑a

zgdank‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bug, vermin’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem zgdank‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem zgank‑a

zd‑a

• Gloss: ‘seat’
• Ancestor: MLem zd‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem zd‑a

zdòr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘stylus’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > South Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem zdour‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem zdor‑a

ver‑a

• Gloss: ‘bind, tie’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: MLem ver‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem ver‑a

vengw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘fire’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: MLem vengw‑yr
• Descendants
  • LMLem frenk‑vengw‑yr
  • NLem vengw‑a

vembw‑a

• Gloss: ‘be astonished’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: MLem vembw‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem vembw‑a

vesk‑a

• Gloss: ‘err’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: MLem vesk‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem vesk‑a

vì‑a

• Gloss: ‘choose’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem vii‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem vi‑a

vìbwyr‑a

• Gloss: ‘fascinate’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem viibwyr‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem vibwr‑a

vont‑yr

• Gloss: ‘tooth’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem vont‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem vont‑a

voxozd‑yr

• Gloss: ‘hotel’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem voxozdi‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem vxozd‑a

walg‑a

• Gloss: ‘blossom’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem walg‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem walg‑a

war‑yr

• Gloss: ‘brown’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem war‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem war‑a

warndz‑yr

• Gloss: ‘rice’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem warndzi‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem warzn‑a

wargr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘black’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem wargr‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem wargr‑a

wardz‑yr

• Gloss: ‘beard’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem wardz‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem wardz‑a

warkt‑a

• Gloss: ‘wait’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem warkt‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem warks‑a

warw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘free’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem warw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem warw‑a

wagw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘dog’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem wagw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem wagw‑a

wè‑a

• Gloss: ‘miss’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: itself for act
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem wee‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem we‑a

welgj‑a

• Gloss: ‘swell’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem welgj‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem welgj‑a

wèR‑yr

• Gloss: ‘hazel’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem weeR‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem weR‑a

wèRdò‑yr

• Gloss: ‘branch’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem weeRdou‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem weRdo‑a

wer‑a

• Gloss: ‘carry, bear’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem wer‑a
• Descendants
  • LMLem dwÒ‑wer‑yr
  • LMLem wer‑en‑yr
  • NLem wer‑a

wer‑en‑yr

• Gloss: ‘trope, metaphor’
• Constituents: LMLem wer‑a + en
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • NLem wrOn‑a

wermÒ‑yr

• Gloss: ‘winter coat’
• Connotation
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem wermOO‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem wmU‑a

wergj‑a

• Gloss: ‘climb’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem wergj‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem wergj‑a

wert‑yr

• Gloss: ‘word’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem wert‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem wert‑a

wemb‑a

• Gloss: ‘weave’
• Ancestor: MLem wemb‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem wemb‑a

wembrw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘dam’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem wembrw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem wemabwr‑a

wèdap‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bread’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem weedap‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem wesp‑a

wèvmyn‑a

• Gloss: ‘disembowel’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem weevmyn‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem wevm‑a

wèhs‑yr

• Gloss: ‘meteor’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem weehs‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem wehs‑a

wìr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘young, strong’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem wiir‑yr

wìrxaf‑a

• Gloss: ‘flow swiftly’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem wiirxaf‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem wirxf‑a

wirftor‑yr

• Gloss: ‘heat (human-made)’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem wirftor‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem fror‑a

wind‑a

• Gloss: ‘axe’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem wind‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem wind‑a

wimbr‑a

• Gloss: ‘create’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem wimbr‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem wimbr‑a

wìb‑yr

• Gloss: ‘net’
• Connotations
  • Softening narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem wiib‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem wib‑a

wìbsur‑yr

• Gloss: ‘spider’
• Connotations
  • Softening narrowing
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem wiibsur‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem wipsr‑a

wìx‑a

• Gloss: ‘speak, say’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem wiix‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem wix‑a

wixung‑a

• Gloss: ‘promise’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem wixung‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem wxung‑a

wiqk‑a

• Gloss: ‘sway’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem wiqk‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem wiqk‑a

woR‑a

• Gloss: ‘harm’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem woR‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem woR‑a

wuzar‑yr

• Gloss: ‘rain’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem wuzar‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem wzar‑a

wusar‑yr

• Gloss: ‘spring’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem wusar‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem wsar‑a

wUxp‑yr

• Gloss: ‘stubborn’
• Ancestor: MLem wU‑xp‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem wUxp‑a

wronk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘arm’
• Ancestor: MLem wronk‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem wronk‑a

xàÒl‑yr

• Gloss: ‘apple’
• Connotations
  • Dative narrowing
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem xayOOl‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xaOl‑a

xàl‑yr

• Gloss: ‘gut’
• Connotation
  • Dative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem xayl‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xal‑a

xalj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘strange’
• Ancestor: MLem xalj‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xalj‑a

xargr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘light, bright’
• Ancestor: MLem xargr‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xargr‑a

xartk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bear’
• Ancestor: MLem xartk‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xartx‑a

xarp‑yr

• Gloss: ‘hook’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem xarp‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xarp‑a

xàrpU‑yr

• Gloss: ‘harpy’
• Ancestor: Koi ἅρπυι‑α

xak‑yr

• Gloss: ‘point’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem xak‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xak‑a

xàj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘waterfowl’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: content for container
  • Dative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem xayj‑yr
• Descendants
  • LMLem xàj‑Rarj‑yr
  • LMLem xàj‑gan‑yr
  • LMLem xàj‑pifì‑yr
  • NLem xaj‑a

xàj‑Rarj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘crane’
• Constituents: LMLem xàj‑yr + Rarj‑ar
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • NLem xajR‑a

xàj‑gan‑yr

• Gloss: ‘whooper swan (<i>Cygnus cygnus</i>)’
• Constituents: LMLem xàj‑yr + gan‑a
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • NLem xajgn‑a

xàj‑pifì‑yr

• Gloss: ‘mute swan (<i>Cygnus olor</i>)’
• Constituents: LMLem xàj‑yr + pifì‑yr
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • NLem xaxpfi‑a

xaxs‑a

• Gloss: ‘rotate’
• Ancestor: MLem xaxs‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem xaxs‑a

xaf‑yr

• Gloss: ‘water’
• Ancestor: MLem xaf‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xaf‑a

xafxòj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘island’
• Connotation
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem xafxouj‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem jsoj‑a

xellà‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Greece’
• Ancestor: Koi ἑλλά‑ς
• Descendant
  • NLem jlo‑a

xèr‑a

• Gloss: ‘profession’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: itself for act
  • Factive narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem xeer‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem xer‑a

xèpÒz‑yr

• Gloss: ‘root’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem xeepOOz‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xepOz‑a

xèz‑a

• Gloss: ‘breathe’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: itself for act
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem xeez‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem xez‑a

xesk‑a

• Gloss: ‘search’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem xesk‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem xesk‑a

xylis‑yr

• Gloss: ‘alder’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem xylis‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem jlUs‑a

xyrtksor‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Bear-Lady’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem xyrtksor‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem joksror‑a

xyxmon‑yr

• Gloss: ‘stone’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem xyxmon‑yr

xyfÒxw‑ar

• Gloss: ‘evil’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem xyfOOxw‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem jfOxw‑a

xilkòn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘soap’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: Koi ἱλκόν‑ον
• Descendant
  • NLem xklon‑a

xìc‑a

• Gloss: ‘ride’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem xiic‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem xic‑a

xistì‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sail’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: Koi ἱστί‑ον
• Descendant
  • NLem jsti‑a

xo‑a

• Gloss: ‘slip’
• Irregularity: an onomatopoeia
• Descendant
  • NLem xo‑a

xòj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘grass(land)’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: content for container
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem xouj‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xoj‑a

xòjfust‑yr

• Gloss: ‘rock’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem xoujfust‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xojqt‑a

xÒ‑a

• Gloss: ‘hear’
• Connotation
  • Instrumental narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem xOU‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem xO‑a

xÒdrn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘hare’
• Connotations
  • Instrumental narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem xOUdrnu‑yr
• Descendants
  • LMLem ehw‑xÒdrn‑yr
  • NLem xOdn‑a

xÒj‑yr

• Gloss: ‘egg’
• Connotation
  • Instrumental narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem xOUj‑yr
• Descendant
  • LMLem lèb‑xÒj‑ar

xuR‑a

• Gloss: ‘come of age’
• Ancestor: MLem xuR‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem xuR‑a

xuxont‑ar

• Gloss: ‘wind’
• Ancestor: MLem xuxont‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem xont‑a

xuxsen‑yr

• Gloss: ‘ox’
• Ancestor: MLem xuxsen‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem jhen‑a

xÙel‑yr

• Gloss: ‘wool’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem xUeel‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xUl‑a

xÙRbw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘wind force 3/6’
• Connotation
  • Dative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem xU‑yRbw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xURbw‑a

xUbw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘wind force 4/6’
• Ancestor: MLem xU‑bw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xUbw‑a

xUperbol‑yr

• Gloss: ‘hyperbola’
• Ancestor: Koi ὑπερβολ‑ή
• Descendant
  • NLem xprol‑a

xUpòdem‑yr

• Gloss: ‘shoe’
• Ancestor: Koi ὑπό‑δημ‑α
• Descendant
  • NLem xpodm‑a

xUxr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘wind force 1/6’
• Ancestor: MLem xU‑xr‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xUxr‑a

xUxter‑yr

• Gloss: ‘comet’
• Ancestor: MLem xUxter‑yr

xUxp‑yr

• Gloss: ‘wind force 5/6’
• Ancestor: MLem xU‑xp‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xUxp‑a

xrem‑yr

• Gloss: ‘wolf’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem xrem‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xrOm‑a

xr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘1/6’
• Ancestor: MLem xr‑yr

xner‑yr

• Gloss: ‘man’
• Ancestor: MLem xner‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xnir‑a

xmalg‑a

• Gloss: ‘milk’
• Ancestor: MLem xmalg‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem xmylg‑a

xter‑yr

• Gloss: ‘planet’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem xter‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xter‑a

xtÒ‑yl

• Gloss: ‘eight’
• Connotations
  • Local narrowing
  • Instrumental narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem xtOU‑yl
• Descendant
  • NLem xtO‑a

xp‑yr

• Gloss: ‘5/6’
• Ancestor: MLem xp‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xp‑a

xwasèlÒ‑yr

• Gloss: ‘chess’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Instrumental narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem xwaseilOU‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem jvelO‑a

xwyx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘pastime, hobby’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: effect/purpose for cause/motive
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Instrumental narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem xwyxU‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem xwyx‑a

halg‑yr

• Gloss: ‘wall’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: MLem halg‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem halg‑a

harnk‑a

• Gloss: ‘clean, tidy’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: MLem harnk‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem harn‑a

hark‑yr

• Gloss: ‘gravel’
• Ancestor: MLem hark‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem hark‑a

harw‑a

• Gloss: ‘work/go smoothly’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: MLem harw‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem harw‑a

hàbà‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Shabar’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Factive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem haebaa‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem haba‑a

hèl‑yr

• Gloss: ‘salt’
• Connotations
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem heel‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem hel‑a

hit‑yr

• Gloss: ‘pig’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: MLem hit‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem hit‑a

hur‑a

• Gloss: ‘yelp’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: MLem hur‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem hur‑a

hUgjir‑yr

• Gloss: ‘hedgehog’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: MLem hUgjir‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem cgjir‑a

sàlpink‑yr

• Gloss: ‘war-trumpet’
• Ancestor: Koi σάλπιγξ
• Descendant
  • NLem salpn‑a

sarx‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sugar’
• Ancestor: MLem sarx‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem sarx‑a

serèn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘mermaid’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
  • Factive narrowing
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: Koi σειρήν
• Descendant
  • NLem zrOn‑a

sèma‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sign’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > South Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Other possibility: thy > ττ
  • South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: Koi σῆμα
• Descendant
  • NLem sem‑a

semè‑yr

• Gloss: ‘point’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > South Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Other possibility: thy > ττ
  • South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: Koi σημεῖ‑ον
• Descendant
  • NLem zmi‑a

suzÒmyn‑ar

• Gloss: ‘benefactor’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem suzOOmyn‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem zOm‑a

slic‑yr

• Gloss: ‘butter’
• Ancestor: MLem slic‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem slUc‑a

slicman‑yr

• Gloss: ‘boundary stone’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem slicman‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem zmyn‑a

slicpèfil‑yr

• Gloss: ‘butterfly’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem slicpeefil‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem sprOwl‑a

sr‑a

• Gloss: ‘link’
• Ancestor: MLem sr‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem sr‑a

srè‑a

• Gloss: ‘rot’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Metonymy: itself for act
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem sree‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem srO‑a

srèn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘drone (male bee or wasp)’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem sreen‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem srOn‑a

srì‑a

• Gloss: ‘drive’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem srii‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem srU‑a

srimb‑a

• Gloss: ‘push’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem srimb‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem srUmb‑a

srumbw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘few, little’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem srumbw‑yr
• Descendant
  • LMLem crumbw‑yr

snark‑a

• Gloss: ‘knot’
• Ancestor: MLem snark‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem snyrk‑a

snengw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘snow cloud’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem snengw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem sningw‑a

snèq‑ar

• Gloss: ‘adder’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem sneeq‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem sniq‑a

snus‑yr

• Gloss: ‘daughter-in-law’
• Ancestor: MLem snus‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem snus‑a

smarsk‑a

• Gloss: ‘lend’
• Ancestor: MLem smarsk‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem smyrsk‑a

smer‑yr

• Gloss: ‘grease, marrow’
• Ancestor: MLem smer‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem smir‑a

smèv‑a

• Gloss: ‘lick’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem smeev‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem smiv‑a

sgwal‑yr

• Gloss: ‘boat’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem sgwal‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem zgwal‑a

skarp‑a

• Gloss: ‘split, divide, break’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem skarp‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem skarp‑a

skarpmèm‑ar

• Gloss: ‘butcher’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem skarp‑meem‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem skmim‑a

skerdz‑yr

• Gloss: ‘prick, sting’
• Ancestor: MLem skerdz‑yr
• Descendants
  • LMLem ev‑skerdz‑yr
  • NLem skerdz‑a

skeng‑a

• Gloss: ‘limp’
• Ancestor: MLem skeng‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem skeng‑a

skevk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘shard’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem skevk‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem skeqk‑a

skylont‑yr

• Gloss: ‘compartment’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem skylont‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem sklont‑a

skont‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sparrow’
• Connotation
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem skont‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem skont‑a

skxol‑yr

• Gloss: ‘school [noun]’
• Ancestor: MLem skxol‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem skxol‑a

stalgr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘hard’
• Ancestor: MLem stalgr‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem stalgr‑a

stàr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘bull’
• Connotation
  • Dative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem stayr‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem star‑a

stèl‑yr

• Gloss: ‘pillar’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Other possibility: l̥ > λα
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: Koi στήλ‑η
• Descendant
  • NLem stel‑a

stelg‑a

• Gloss: ‘protrude’
• Ancestor: MLem stelg‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem stelg‑a

stètur‑ar

• Gloss: ‘legendary warrior’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem steetur‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem stedr‑a

stingj‑a

• Gloss: ‘go, climb’
• Ancestor: MLem stingj‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem stingj‑a

stÒng‑yr

• Gloss: ‘row’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for place
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem stOOng‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem stOng‑a

spalnp‑a

• Gloss: ‘disgrace’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem spalnp‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem spalm‑a

sperdz‑a

• Gloss: ‘flee’
• Ancestor: MLem sperdz‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem sperdz‑a

spnar‑a

• Gloss: ‘save’
• Ancestor: MLem spnar‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem spnyr‑a

sjè‑a

• Gloss: ‘sew’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem sjei‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem sje‑a

swazw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘glad’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
• Ancestor: MLem swazw‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem swazw‑a

swent‑a

• Gloss: ‘believe’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem swent‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem swent‑a

sweh‑yl

• Gloss: ‘six’
• Ancestor: MLem sweh‑yl
• Descendant
  • NLem sweh‑a

swylmen‑yr

• Gloss: ‘mushroom’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem swylmen‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem vmin‑a

swilor‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sulfur’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem swilor‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem zwlor‑a

swiv‑a

• Gloss: ‘throw’
• Ancestor: MLem swiv‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem swiv‑a

swihur‑yr

• Gloss: ‘son-in-law’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem swihur‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem zvur‑a

swisor‑yr

• Gloss: ‘sibling’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem swisor‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem zvor‑a

sxun‑ar

• Gloss: ‘sun’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem sxun‑ar
• Descendant
  • NLem sxun‑a

sxn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘rope’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem sxne‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem sxn‑a

qel‑a

• Gloss: ‘farm’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: MLem qel‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem qel‑a

qelp‑yr

• Gloss: ‘tar’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: MLem qelp‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem qelp‑a

qèr‑yr

• Gloss: ‘animal’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: Koi θήρ
• Descendant
  • NLem qer‑a

qeng‑a

• Gloss: ‘hold, overpower’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: MLem qeng‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem qeng‑a

qènd‑a

• Gloss: ‘order’
• Connotations
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem qeend‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem qend‑a

qent‑a

• Gloss: ‘smoke (also herbs)’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: MLem qent‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem qent‑a

qem‑yr

• Gloss: ‘group’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: MLem qem‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem qem‑a

qemxz‑yr

• Gloss: ‘(grain of) sand’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: MLem qemxz‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem qemxz‑a

qexk‑a

• Gloss: ‘fly, beat one’s wings’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: MLem qexk‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem qexk‑a

qisn‑yr

• Gloss: ‘winter’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: MLem qisn‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem qisn‑a

qisgw‑a

• Gloss: ‘think’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: MLem qisgw‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem qizgw‑a

qif‑yl

• Gloss: ‘seven’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem qif‑yl
• Descendant
  • NLem qif‑a

fet‑yr

• Gloss: ‘fast’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem fet‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem fet‑a

fis‑yr

• Gloss: ‘pear’
• Connotation
  • Factive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem fis‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem fis‑a

fifing‑a

• Gloss: ‘desire’
• Ancestor: MLem fifing‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem fing‑a

fòk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘seal’
• Connotation
  • South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: Koi φώκ‑η
• Descendant
  • NLem fok‑a

fÒpys‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Father Midwinter’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for place
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem fOOpys‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem fOps‑a

fÒs‑a

• Gloss: ‘kiss’
• Connotation
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem fOOs‑yr
• Irregularity: verbalisation
• Descendant
  • NLem fOs‑a

fÒsotk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘beak’
• Connotation
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem fOOs‑otk‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem fOst‑a

fulat‑a

• Gloss: ‘watch, guard’
• Ancestor: MLem fulat‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem wlot‑a

furor‑yr

• Gloss: ‘tree’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem furor‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem wror‑a

furon‑yr

• Gloss: ‘daring’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
• Ancestor: MLem furon‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem wron‑a

fler‑yr

• Gloss: ‘blue’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem fler‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem flOr‑a

fràtj‑a

• Gloss: ‘perceive’
• Connotations
  • Act for material/colour/sound/smell
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
  • Factive narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem fraatj‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem frodj‑a

frenk‑a

• Gloss: ‘fruit’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem frenk‑a
• Descendants
  • LMLem frenk‑vengw‑yr
  • NLem frOnk‑a

frenk‑vengw‑yr

• Gloss: ‘fire-fruit (toxic fruit, bittersweet nightshade?)’
• Constituents: LMLem frenk‑a + vengw‑yr
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • NLem zmingw‑a

frèm‑a

• Gloss: ‘stroll, amble, walk’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem freem‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem frOm‑a

frèkur‑yr

• Gloss: ‘Brother (in) War’
• Connotations
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem freekur‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem frOgr‑a

frès‑yr

• Gloss: ‘uncle (father’s brother)’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem frees‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem frOs‑a

fr‑yl

• Gloss: ‘twelve’
• Ancestor: MLem fr‑yl
• Descendant
  • NLem fr‑a

frìn‑a

• Gloss: ‘boil, churn’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem friin‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem frUn‑a

frunk‑a

• Gloss: ‘dig (out)’
• Ancestor: MLem frunk‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem frunk‑a

frux‑a

• Gloss: ‘astonish’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem frux‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem frux‑a

fnàisf‑a

• Gloss: ‘feel’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem fna‑eisf‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem fnysf‑a

fnat‑a

• Gloss: ‘yearn’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: MLem fnat‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem fnyt‑a

fnomb‑yr

• Gloss: ‘navel, hub’
• Ancestor: MLem fnomb‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem fnumb‑a

fmink‑a

• Gloss: ‘spill’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem fmink‑a
• Descendant
  • NLem fmink‑a

fxurm‑yr

• Gloss: ‘dragon’
• Ancestor: MLem fxurm‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem fxurm‑a

fxurmpèsk‑yr

• Gloss: ‘(white?) shark’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: MLem fxurmpeesk‑yr
• Descendant
  • NLem zmisk‑a