Multilingual etymological dictionary
These are the uncensored data from the vocab creating software ‘Neogrammarian’.
aer‑a
- Gloss: ‘pressureunit’
- Connotation
- Or 1st mora stressed?
- Ancestor: Koi ἀήρ
- Variant: academic loan
- Descendant
- ModLem aràc.
al‑a
- Gloss: ‘nourish, foster’
- Ancestor: LMLem al‑a
alaix‑a
- Gloss: ‘alder’
- Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
- Interval: 11 × 25 = 275 -> minor second
- Ancestor: Besk ʼałaix
- Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
- Descendant
- ModLem alaà.
alg‑a
algj‑a
algz‑a
- Gloss: ‘little, dear [term of endearment]’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Weakening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem algjw‑yr
- Descendants
albw‑a
alt‑a
- Gloss: ‘heavy’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem alt‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem làt.
alxw‑a
- Gloss: ‘green’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Ancestor: LMLem alxw‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem làxw.
aRc‑a
- Gloss: ‘monarch’
- Connotations
- Dative narrowing
- Weakening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem àRcc‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem Ràc.
arg‑a
- Gloss: ‘river’
- Ancestor: LMLem arg‑ar
- Descendants
- NLem dnuj‑arg‑a
- ModLem argà.
argw‑a
- Gloss: ‘dark (colour)’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem argw‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem ràgw.
ardz‑a
art‑a
- Gloss: ‘blood’
- Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem art‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem artà.
arzg‑a
arsk‑a
an‑a
anagzn‑a
- Gloss: ‘gathering place for discussion and teaching’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: content for container
- Strengthening narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
- Weakening narrowing
- Factive widening
- Ancestor: LMLem angwnj‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem anàgz.
anakfr‑a
- Gloss: ‘vacation’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Factive widening
- Ancestor: LMLem ankfr‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem anàkf.
anr‑a
- Gloss: ‘16’
- Connotation
- A modifier plus a consonant ( ʱᴛ) is not allowed!
- Ancestor: LMLem anr‑yl
- Descendant
- ModLem àj.
ameli‑a
- Gloss: ‘Amélie’
- Descendant
- ModLem amelà.
amy‑a
- Gloss: ‘pond’
- Irregularity: probably of British origin
- Descendant
- ModLem amà.
agm‑a
- Gloss: ‘statue’
- Connotations
- Factive narrowing
- Factive narrowing
- Slowing narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem àgalma‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem agmà.
agjm‑a
- Gloss: ‘fog’
- Connotations
- Instrumental narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem aknw‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem àgc.
adm‑a
- Gloss: ‘atom’
- Connotations
- Local narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem àtom‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem admàc.
abc‑a
- Gloss: ‘(unpleasantly) bitter’
- Connotation
- Pejorative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem abgc‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem àbc.
akn‑a
akx‑a
ats‑a
atsap‑a
- Gloss: ‘late morning’
- Connotations
- Dative narrowing
- Factive widening
- Ancestor: LMLem àtsp‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem atxàp.
apf‑a
acoRd‑a
- Gloss: ‘admiral, general’
- Connotations
- Factive narrowing
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Pejorative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem àcòRdd‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem acRàd.
axr‑a
ahr‑a
astek‑a
- Gloss: ‘SouthAmerica’
- Descendant
- ModLem astekà.
e
- Gloss: ‘no’
- Ancestor: LMLem e
e‑a
- Gloss: ‘laugh’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem è‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem eà.
eafst‑a
- Gloss: ‘uranium’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Dative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem èàfst‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem eàfs.
el‑a
- Gloss: ‘El [monotheistic god]’
- Ancestor: LMLem el‑yr
elefa‑a
- Gloss: ‘elephant’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: itself for act
- South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
- Ancestor: Koi ἐλέφᾱ‑ς
- Variant: academic loan
- Descendant
- ModLem elefà.
eRwR‑a
en‑a
- Gloss: ‘between’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem en
- Irregularity: inflected form
- Descendants
engj‑a
- Gloss: ‘armour’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: content for container
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem engj‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem nàgc.
engw‑a
- Gloss: ‘drink’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem èngw‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem nàgw.
end‑a
- Gloss: ‘boss, chief’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem ènd‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem nàd.
entom‑a
- Gloss: ‘insect’
- Connotation
- South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
- Ancestor: Koi ἔντομ‑ον
- Variant: academic loan
- Descendant
- ModLem entàw.
em‑a
- Gloss: ‘take’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem em‑a
embol‑a
- Gloss: ‘forceunit’
- Connotations
- Other possibility: l̥ > λα
- Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
- Ancestor: Koi ἐμβολ‑ή
- Variant: academic loan
- Descendant
- ModLem emblà.
ed‑a
edmund‑a
- Gloss: ‘Edmund’
- Descendant
- ModLem edmàjd.
etsat‑a
ejl‑a
- Gloss: ‘smile’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem èxel‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem ejlà.
ev‑a
- Gloss: ‘eat’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem ev‑a
- Descendants
evdj‑a
- Gloss: ‘host’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Metonymy: content for container
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem eqdj‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem àvd.
ewd‑a
- Gloss: ‘table’
- Connotations
- Temporal narrowing
- Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem èbd‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem àwd.
ehw‑a
- Gloss: ‘horse’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem ehw‑yr
- Descendants
esr‑a
esf‑a
eqt‑a
- Gloss: ‘sweetmeat’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem eqt‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem àqt.
ef‑a
- Gloss: ‘dense’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem ef‑yr
- Descendant
- NLem ef‑xp‑a
ef‑xp‑a
y
- Gloss: ‘and’
- Ancestor: LMLem y
ylas‑a
yRbw‑a
yd‑a
ydl‑a
yts‑a
ytf‑a
yphakn‑a
ypsap‑a
- Gloss: ‘belly’
- Connotations
- Factive narrowing
- Factive widening
- Ancestor: LMLem Ìpsp‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem ypsàp.
ycv‑a
- Gloss: ‘changesubject’
- Connotation
- Weakening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem ycwc‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem ycvà.
yz‑a
yh‑a
- Gloss: ‘scythe’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem yhh‑a
- Descendants
yh‑algz‑a
yhph‑a
yhs‑a
ysr‑a
- Gloss: ‘goat’
- Connotations
- Dative narrowing
- Factive narrowing
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem Ìassr‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem ysrà.
i‑a
iakopo‑a
- Gloss: ‘Jacopo’
- Descendant
- ModLem iakopàk.
iote‑a
irh‑a
igjadl‑a
itarh‑a
- Gloss: ‘nickel’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Dative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem ìtàrh‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem itràh.
ihk‑a
isk‑a
ist‑a
- Gloss: ‘most’
- Connotation
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem ist‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem àst.
o
- Gloss: ‘inclusive or’
- Ancestor: LMLem o
ous‑a
- Gloss: ‘poem’
- Connotation
- Interval: 25 × 3 = 75 -> minor third
- Ancestor: Besk åus /h‑/
- Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
- Descendant
- ModLem oà.
olxol‑a
- Gloss: ‘giraffe’
- Connotations
- Ending not implemented yet!
- Local narrowing
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Factive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem òlxòl‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem olxàj.
oRw‑a
oRw‑xaf‑a
oranutan‑a
- Gloss: ‘orangutan’
- Descendant
- ModLem oranutnà.
orw‑a
om‑a
- Gloss: ‘eleven’
- Connotation
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem òm‑yl
- Descendants
ombr‑a
- Gloss: ‘frank, blunt’
- Connotation
- Unsupported ending! Use 1st sg for verbs.
- Ancestor: LMLem òmbr‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem àwb.
odn‑a
- Gloss: ‘afternoon’
- Connotations
- Factive narrowing
- Softening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem òdnm‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem odnà.
ob‑a
okf‑a
otf‑a
- Gloss: ‘brave’
- Connotations
- Factive narrowing
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem òtpf‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem àtf.
ojb‑a
- Gloss: ‘disgusting’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem ogb‑yr
- Irregularity: metonymy
- Descendant
- ModLem àjb.
oc‑a
oxh‑a
ohr‑a
osh‑a
- Gloss: ‘sergeant’
- Connotations
- Factive narrowing
- Dative narrowing
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem òyshs‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem oshàc.
oqelo‑a
- Gloss: ‘Othello’
- Descendant
- ModLem oqelàq.
O
- Gloss: ‘exclusive or’
- Ancestor: LMLem O
Olw‑a
- Gloss: ‘wipe’
- Connotations
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem Ò‑lufw‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem Olwà.
On‑a
- Gloss: ‘lonely’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: place for place
- Strengthening narrowing
- Temporal narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem Òn‑yr
Onkyrt‑a
- Gloss: ‘Hermes’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Ancestor: OLem hönkyrt‑
- Variant: academic loan
- Descendant
- ModLem Onkràt.
Onkr‑a
- Gloss: ‘Mercury’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Temporal narrowing
- Dative narrowing
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem Ònkyrt‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem àxk.
Odl‑a
Ot‑a
- Gloss: ‘(solar) year’
- Connotations
- Temporal narrowing
- Dative narrowing
- Melioration narrowing
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem Òytkt‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem Otà.
Otx‑a
Ow‑a
Osh‑a
umpx‑a
- Gloss: ‘understand’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem umpk‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem màpx.
ujr‑a
uxtsoux‑a
- Gloss: ‘pine’
- Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
- Interval: 25 × 25 = 625 -> minor third
- Ancestor: Besk uxtsåux /h‑/
- Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
- Descendant
- ModLem uxtxoà.
usor‑a
usw‑a
- Gloss: ‘enjoy’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem usw‑a
- Descendants
uf‑a
Ur‑a
- Gloss: ‘right [direction]’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: effect/purpose for cause/motive
- Ancestor: LMLem Ur‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem ràc.
l‑a
lain‑a
- Gloss: ‘elm’
- Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
- Interval: 11 × 3 = 33 -> minor second
- Ancestor: Besk laiń
- Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
- Descendant
- ModLem lanà.
lanagmr‑a
- Gloss: ‘dragonfly, damselfly’
- Connotations
- Metonymy (weakening, hardening, concretising)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Factive widening
- Ancestor: LMLem langmr‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem lanàg.
labatl‑a
- Gloss: ‘car’
- Descendant
- ModLem labàt.
le‑a
- Gloss: ‘louse’
- Connotation
- Accusative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem lè‑yr
ler‑a
- Gloss: ‘lip’
- Connotations
- Local narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem lèr‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem làc.
leng‑a
- Gloss: ‘spoon’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem lèng‑yr
lents‑a
- Gloss: ‘supple, flexible’
- Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
- Interval: 7 × 3 = 21 -> perfect fourth
- Ancestor: Besk lents
- Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
- Descendant
- ModLem làtx.
lem‑a
- Gloss: ‘Lemizh’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Softening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem lèmin‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem lemàc.
leb‑a
- Gloss: ‘flower’
- Connotations
- Softening narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem lèb‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem làb.
lek‑a
- Gloss: ‘jump’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem lek‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem làk.
lepxOj‑a
- Gloss: ‘daisy’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem lèb‑xÒj‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem lepxà.
lejcO‑a
- Gloss: ‘fairy’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Temporal narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem lèxecÒ‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem lejcà.
lew‑a
- Gloss: ‘lion’
- Connotation
- Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
- Ancestor: LMLem lew‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem làw.
lex‑a
leqx‑a
lingj‑a
- Gloss: ‘house’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: content for container
- Ancestor: LMLem lingj‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem làj.
lint‑a
liw‑a
liq‑a
liqk‑a
loug‑a
- Gloss: ‘spoon’
- Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
- Interval: 49 × 25 = 1225 -> minor third
- Ancestor: Besk låug
- Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
- Descendant
- ModLem loàg.
lorenza‑a
- Gloss: ‘Lorenza’
- Descendant
- ModLem lorenzà.
lorw‑a
- Gloss: ‘help’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Factive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem alòrw‑yl
- Descendant
- ModLem làcw.
loxlan‑a
- Gloss: ‘NorthAmerica’
- Irregularity: from <span lang="sga">Lochlann</span>, a Celtic word for Scandinavia, because North America was discovered by Scandinavian people
- Descendant
- ModLem loxlà.
loxw‑a
- Gloss: ‘temple’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Ancestor: LMLem loxw‑yr
- Descendants
lung‑a
lumb‑a
luw‑a
- Gloss: ‘clean’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem lufw‑yr
luxh‑a
- Gloss: ‘lynx’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: content for container
- Weakening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem luxsj‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem làxh.
lusi‑a
- Gloss: ‘Lucy’
- Descendant
- ModLem lusà.
lufr‑a
lr‑a
- Gloss: ‘exponentiate’
- Descendant
- ModLem lrà.
l‑mem‑a
R‑a
R‑a
Rarj‑a
Ran‑a
- Gloss: ‘goose’
- Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Melioration narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem Ran‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem Ràj.
Rangz‑a
- Gloss: ‘snake’
- Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metonymy: content for container
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Weakening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem Rangwj‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem Ràz.
Rand‑a
Randz‑a
- Gloss: ‘thrive, prosper’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem Randz‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem Ràdj.
Ranks‑a
- Gloss: ‘should’
- Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem Rankt‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem Ràks.
Rant‑a
- Gloss: ‘shoulder’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem Rant‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem Ràxt.
Ranp‑a
- Gloss: ‘ashamed’
- Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem Ranp‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem Ràxp.
Ranxt‑a
- Gloss: ‘duck’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem Ranxt‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem Ràxt.
Ren‑a
- Gloss: ‘monkey’
- Connotation
- Factive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem aRen‑yr
- Descendants
Reng‑a
- Gloss: ‘live’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem Reng‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem Ràjg.
Renb‑a
Reg‑a
- Gloss: ‘soul’
- Connotations
- Softening narrowing
- Pejorative narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem Règ‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem Ràg.
Rozw‑a
- Gloss: ‘road, street’
- Connotation
- Pejorative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem Rozw‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem Ràzw.
Rostx‑a
- Gloss: ‘dream’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: content for container
- Pejorative narrowing
- Weakening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem Rostxj‑er
- Descendant
- ModLem Ràst.
R‑usw‑a
r‑a
ram‑o
- Gloss: ‘Ramo’
- Descendant
- ModLem ramàc.
rend‑a
- Gloss: ‘summarise’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Weakening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem licènd‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem rendà.
rentx‑a
- Gloss: ‘hope’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem rentk‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem ràtx.
remst‑a
- Gloss: ‘win’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem rè‑mizt‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem ràst.
redm‑a
- Gloss: ‘cobalt’
- Connotations
- Softening narrowing
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Dative narrowing
- Softening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem rèdmyn‑yr
- Descendants
ret‑a
- Gloss: ‘steer’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem ret‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem ràt.
reqk‑a
rink‑a
- Gloss: ‘tear, break’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem rink‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem ràxk.
roman‑a
- Gloss: ‘Roman’
- Descendant
- ModLem romàj.
romeo‑a
- Gloss: ‘Romeo’
- Descendant
- ModLem romeàc.
roderigo‑a
- Gloss: ‘Roderigo’
- Descendant
- ModLem roderigàc.
rOs‑a
- Gloss: ‘frost’
- Connotation
- Temporal narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem rÒs‑yr
- Descendants
rundr‑a
runp‑a
n‑a
- Gloss: ‘not’
- Connotation
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem n‑a
- Descendants
naRni‑a
- Gloss: ‘Narnian’
- Descendant
- ModLem naRnià.
nar‑a
- Gloss: ‘peace’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Dative narrowing
- Slowing narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem Rynar‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem nrà.
nanw‑a
namr‑a
napoli‑a
- Gloss: ‘Neapolitan’
- Descendant
- ModLem napolà.
nas‑a
neni‑a
- Gloss: ‘run’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Nominative narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem nènì‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem nenà.
nem‑a
- Gloss: ‘tilt’
- Ancestor: LMLem nem‑a
nemb‑a
ned‑a
- Gloss: ‘magnet’
- Connotations
- Factive narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Pejorative narrowing
- Softening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem magnèti‑yr
nezadwr‑a
- Gloss: ‘become acquainted, get to know’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Local narrowing
- Factive widening
- Ancestor: LMLem nèzdwor‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem nezà.
nezd‑a
- Gloss: ‘bird’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem nezd‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem nàzd.
nexwatal‑a
- Gloss: ‘Nechwatal’
- Descendant
- ModLem nexwaklàj.
neh‑a
- Gloss: ‘nine’
- Connotations
- Factive narrowing
- Strengthening narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem nèh‑yl
- Descendant
- ModLem nàh.
nino‑a
- Gloss: ‘Nino’
- Descendant
- ModLem ninàj.
nifton‑a
- Gloss: ‘Poseidon’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Ancestor: OLem nifton‑
- Variant: academic loan
- Descendant
- ModLem niftnàj.
nont‑a
- Gloss: ‘beard’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Dative narrowing
- Pejorative narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
- Weakening narrowing
- Slowing narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem Ryndzont‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem nàxt.
nom‑a
mal‑a
- Gloss: ‘several’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Melioration narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Softening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem mimal‑yl
- Descendant
- ModLem mlà.
malanon‑a
- Gloss: ‘platypus’
- Descendant
- ModLem malanàj.
maler‑a
- Gloss: ‘Mahler’
- Descendant
- ModLem malàc.
maltx‑a
- Gloss: ‘melt’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem maltk‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem mlàtx.
maljm‑a
- Gloss: ‘restrain, bind with a rope’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Pejorative narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
- Ancestor: LMLem malngw‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem màj.
marn‑a
- Gloss: ‘beetle’
- Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem marnk‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem marnà.
margz‑a
- Gloss: ‘tetchy’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Weakening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem margjw‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem mràgz.
markuw‑a
- Gloss: ‘kangaroo’
- Descendant
- ModLem markàw.
marw‑a
- Gloss: ‘celebrate’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Pejorative narrowing
- Softening narrowing
- Pejorative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem mindudarw‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem mràw.
manw‑a
- Gloss: ‘affection’
- Connotation
- Softening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem manw‑a
- Descendants
mazd‑a
mask‑a
me‑a
- Gloss: ‘make’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem mè‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem mà.
meuxes‑a
- Gloss: ‘acorn’
- Connotations
- Nominative widening
- Interval: 7 × 2 = 14 -> minor seventh
- Ancestor: Besk mäuxäs
- Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
- Descendant
- ModLem meuxà.
mel‑a
- Gloss: ‘temple (region of skull)’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Melioration narrowing
- Softening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem mitnèl‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem melàj.
meliss‑a
- Gloss: ‘powerunit’
- Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
- Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
- Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
- Ancestor: Koi μέλισσ‑α
- Variant: academic loan
- Descendant
- ModLem melàs.
men‑a
- Gloss: ‘harbour’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Slowing narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem limèn‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem màj.
mem‑a
mem‑a
- Gloss: ‘copy’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Softening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem mèmun‑yr
- Descendant
- NLem l‑mem‑a
meg‑a
- Gloss: ‘shipyard’
- Connotations
- Factive narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem napègi‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem màg.
mec‑a
- Gloss: ‘fill’
- Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem mec‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem màc.
mezr‑a
- Gloss: ‘fly’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem mèsur‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem màz.
mev‑a
- Gloss: ‘wise’
- Ancestor: LMLem mev‑yr
- Descendants
- NLem zvor‑mev‑a
- ModLem màv.
mexk‑a
- Gloss: ‘lie’
- Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem mèxk‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem màxk.
mes‑a
- Gloss: ‘mother’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem mès‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem mesà.
mesw‑a
- Gloss: ‘owl’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Accusative narrowing
- Softening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem minesw‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem màsw.
minesw‑a
- Gloss: ‘Athena’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Ancestor: OLem minesw‑
- Variant: academic loan
- Descendant
- ModLem minà.
mind‑a
- Gloss: ‘wine’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem mind‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem màjd.
mitn‑a
mizdz‑a
- Gloss: ‘reward, payment’
- Ancestor: LMLem mizdz‑yr
mih‑a
mihk‑a
mist‑a
- Gloss: ‘visit’
- Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem mizt‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem màst.
miqk‑a
- Gloss: ‘opportunity’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem miqk‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem màqk.
miqxp‑a
- Gloss: ‘star’
- Connotations
- Factive narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem miqxp‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem màqx.
morwj‑a
- Gloss: ‘anthill’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: content for container
- Ancestor: LMLem morwj‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem mràwj.
mowdR‑a
- Gloss: ‘waiter’
- Connotations
- Factive narrowing
- Weakening narrowing
- Pejorative narrowing
- Softening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem anbnowdlz‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem màwd.
muRkx‑a
- Gloss: ‘a mythological horse’
- Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
- Interval: 5 × 3 = 15 -> major seventh
- Ancestor: Besk muŕkx
- Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
- Descendant
- ModLem mRàkh.
mur‑a
- Gloss: ‘sea’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Accusative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem mur‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem mrà.
mUs‑a
mlejm‑a
- Gloss: ‘thing spoken’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Dative narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Softening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem mlèxmyn‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem mlàj.
mliv‑a
- Gloss: ‘sweet’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Accusative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem miliv‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem mlàv.
mra‑a
- Gloss: ‘65536’
- Connotations
- Instrumental narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem mUrià‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem mràj.
mraixts‑a
- Gloss: ‘paint’
- Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
- Interval: 11 × 3 = 33 -> minor second
- Ancestor: Besk mraixts
- Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
- Descendant
- ModLem mraà.
garbw‑a
garxn‑a
gan‑a
- Gloss: ‘sing’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem gan‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem ganà.
gabl‑a
- Gloss: ‘fork’
- Connotation
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
- Ancestor: LMLem gabl‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem gàb.
ger‑a
- Gloss: ‘kind of garment for adults’
- Connotation
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem gèr‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem gràk.
ged‑a
gejm‑a
- Gloss: ‘servant’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Dative narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Softening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem gèxmyn‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem gàj.
gom‑a
- Gloss: ‘outside’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem gom
- Irregularity: inflected form
- Descendant
- ModLem gmà.
gun‑a
- Gloss: ‘corner’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem gun‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem dnàk.
gundr‑a
- Gloss: ‘good’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem gundr‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem gàjd.
guxl‑a
grom‑a
- Gloss: ‘(woollen) thread’
- Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
- Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
- Ancestor: LMLem gramm‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem gràw.
grot‑a
- Gloss: ‘carrot’
- Connotations
- Factive narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem karòt‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem gràt.
gros‑a
- Gloss: ‘cherry’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Place for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem keras‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem grosà.
grO‑a
- Gloss: ‘difficult(y)’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Melioration narrowing
- Slowing narrowing
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem kurtrè‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem grà.
grOr‑a
- Gloss: ‘chicken’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Dative narrowing
- Melioration narrowing
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem gyrter‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem gràc.
grOms‑a
- Gloss: ‘rat’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Instrumental narrowing
- Melioration narrowing
- Slowing narrowing
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem kurtrèmUs‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem gràws.
grUr‑a
- Gloss: ‘Dniester’
- Connotations
- Factive narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap quick and good
- Ancestor: LMLem argUr‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem grUrà.
gnyn‑a
- Gloss: ‘offspring, seed’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Softening narrowing
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem genman‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem dnàj.
gni‑a
- Gloss: ‘mortar’
- Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
- Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
- Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
- Local narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem konì‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem dnià.
gmyz‑a
- Gloss: ‘(gymnastic) school’
- Connotations
- Instrumental narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Softening narrowing
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem gUmnàsi‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem gmàz.
gmin‑a
- Gloss: ‘pray, call upon’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Instrumental narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem gUmin‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem gmàj.
gmim‑a
- Gloss: ‘honour’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Local narrowing
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem gomem‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem gmàw.
gmr‑a
- Gloss: ‘warm’
- Connotations
- Metonymy (weakening, hardening, concretising)
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem gmr‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem gmrà.
gj‑a
gjor‑a
- Gloss: ‘greet’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Accusative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem gjisor‑a
- Irregularity: syncope
- Descendant
- ModLem gcrà.
gjnung‑a
- Gloss: ‘deceive’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Accusative narrowing
- Pejorative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem gjingung‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem gcnàjg.
gcan‑a
- Gloss: ‘produce’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem gecan‑a
gw‑a
- Gloss: ‘any’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem gw‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem gwà.
gwal‑a
gwaln‑a
gwalp‑a
- Gloss: ‘cup’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem gwalp‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem gwalpà.
gwas‑a
- Gloss: ‘cheese’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem gwas‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem gwàs.
gwel‑a
gwer‑a
- Gloss: ‘knife’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem gwer‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem gwrà.
gwet‑a
- Gloss: ‘teach’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem gwet‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem gwàt.
gweh‑a
- Gloss: ‘trick’
- Connotations
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem gwehh‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem gwàh.
gwir‑a
- Gloss: ‘skewer, spear’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem gwir‑yr
gwibl‑a
- Gloss: ‘healthy’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem gwìbl‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem gwàb.
gwisk‑a
- Gloss: ‘careful’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem gwisk‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem gwàsk.
gwiq‑a
- Gloss: ‘four’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem gwiq‑yl
- Descendant
- ModLem gwàq.
gwo‑a
- Gloss: ‘cow’
- Connotation
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem gwò‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem gwàk.
gword‑a
gwon‑a
- Gloss: ‘eager’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem gwon‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem gwnà.
gwOl‑a
- Gloss: ‘neck’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Temporal narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem gwÒl‑yr
dal‑a
darjn‑a
- Gloss: ‘plug’
- Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
- Ancestor: LMLem darngj‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem dàcj.
darw‑a
- Gloss: ‘dance’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Weakening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem darw‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem dràw.
dans‑a
damk‑a
- Gloss: ‘brick’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem damk‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem dmàk.
dap‑a
- Gloss: ‘flour’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem dap‑yr
- Descendants
daxt‑a
- Gloss: ‘must’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem daxt‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem dàxt.
delf‑a
- Gloss: ‘brother’
- Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
- Factive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem adelf‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem glàf.
demt‑a
- Gloss: ‘see’
- Connotations
- Metonymy (weakening, hardening, concretising)
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem demt‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem dmàt.
devr‑a
- Gloss: ‘yellow’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem dèqur‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem dàv.
desdemona‑a
- Gloss: ‘Desdemona’
- Descendant
- ModLem desdemonà.
dykx‑a
- Gloss: ‘slipper’
- Connotations
- Dative narrowing
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem ydykkx‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem dàkh.
dira‑a
- Gloss: ‘tiara’
- Connotations
- Factive narrowing
- Factive narrowing
- Factive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem dìarà‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem dirà.
div‑a
- Gloss: ‘bind’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem div‑a
dih‑a
- Gloss: ‘ten’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem dih‑yl
- Descendant
- ModLem dàh.
disk‑a
dobe‑a
- Gloss: ‘carpet, rug’
- Connotations
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem dòbè‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem dobà.
dO‑a
dOm‑a
- Gloss: ‘bowl’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Temporal narrowing
- Dative narrowing
- Softening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem dÒmyn‑yr
dOpf‑a
- Gloss: ‘pay’
- Connotations
- Temporal narrowing
- Factive narrowing
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem dÒaptf‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem dàpq.
dur‑a
- Gloss: ‘wood (material)’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem dur‑yr
- Descendants
dux‑a
- Gloss: ‘pull’
- Ancestor: LMLem dux‑a
- Descendant
- NLem dux‑vesk‑a
dux‑vesk‑a
dlost‑a
- Gloss: ‘lavender [a painter’s term for the specific hue of a valued type of lavender]’
- Connotations
- Dative narrowing
- Dative narrowing
- Melioration narrowing
- Place for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem ydlàstt‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem glàst.
dluxw‑a
- Gloss: ‘tasty > amusing’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Ancestor: LMLem dluxw‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem glàxw.
dlUf‑a
- Gloss: ‘coil’
- Connotations
- Factive narrowing
- Means for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem adlif‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem glàf.
dro‑a
- Gloss: ‘Troy’
- Connotation
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem drò‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem droà.
drOp‑a
- Gloss: ‘acrid, pungent’
- Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem drep‑ir
- Descendant
- ModLem dràp.
drul‑a
- Gloss: ‘bush’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem durul‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem drulà.
drun‑a
- Gloss: ‘citrus’
- Connotation
- Cause/motive for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem dryn‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem dràj.
druzd‑a
- Gloss: ‘chair’
- Connotation
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem duruzd‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem dràzd.
dn‑a
- Gloss: ‘walk’
- Connotations
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Slowing narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem drn‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem dnà.
dnuj‑a
- Gloss: ‘Danube’
- Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
- Factive narrowing
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem danòj‑yr
- Descendant
- NLem dnuj‑arg‑a
dnuj‑arg‑a
- Gloss: ‘Danube’
- Constituents: NLem dnuj‑a + arg‑a
- Variant: clarifying compound
- Descendant
- ModLem dnujrà.
dmyd‑a
- Gloss: ‘private, secluded space > island’
- Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
- Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
- Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem domàti‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem dmàd.
dje‑a
- Gloss: ‘day, daytime’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Accusative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem djè‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem djàt.
djeipysir‑a
- Gloss: ‘Zeus’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Ancestor: OLem djeipysir‑
- Variant: academic loan
- Descendant
- ModLem djeipysràd.
djem‑a
- Gloss: ‘idea’
- Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Dative narrowing
- Softening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem djèmyn‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem djemà.
djeps‑a
- Gloss: ‘weather’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Accusative narrowing
- Dative narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem djèpys‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xàps.
djevf‑a
- Gloss: ‘week’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem djèqif‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem djàvf.
djmi‑a
- Gloss: ‘tongue’
- Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Dative narrowing
- Pejorative narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem dyngwè‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem djmà.
dzi‑a
dzingmesir‑a
- Gloss: ‘Gaia’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Ancestor: OLem dzingmēsir‑
- Variant: academic loan
- Descendant
- ModLem djingmesrà.
dziskont‑a
- Gloss: ‘Kronos’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Ancestor: OLem dziskont‑
- Variant: academic loan
- Descendant
- ModLem djistnàt.
dzokont‑a
- Gloss: ‘Saturn’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Accusative narrowing
- Strengthening narrowing
- Local widening
- Ancestor: LMLem dziskont‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem nàt.
dznir‑a
- Gloss: ‘nomad’
- Connotations
- Factive narrowing
- Strengthening narrowing
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem dwaxner‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem djnirà.
dznis‑a
- Gloss: ‘earth’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Pejorative narrowing
- Softening narrowing
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem dzingmès‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xnà.
dznum‑a
- Gloss: ‘soil’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Accusative narrowing
- Pejorative narrowing
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem dzingom‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem djnà.
dw‑a
- Gloss: ‘move about’
- Connotations
- Melioration narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem dw‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem dwà.
dwarn‑a
- Gloss: ‘marry’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem dwarn‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem dwàc.
dwarjm‑a
- Gloss: ‘enthusiasm’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
- Ancestor: LMLem dwarnw‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem dwàcj.
dwant‑a
- Gloss: ‘shatter’
- Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Softening narrowing
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem dwant‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem dwnàt.
dwatx‑a
dwor‑a
- Gloss: ‘pasture gate’
- Connotation
- Weakening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem dwor‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem dwrà.
dwO‑a
dwOwr‑a
- Gloss: ‘bottle’
- Connotation
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem dwÒ‑wer‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem dwàw.
dwjem‑a
- Gloss: ‘twin’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem dwijèm‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem dwjàw.
b‑a
bark‑a
babel‑a
- Gloss: ‘Babel’
- Descendant
- ModLem bablà.
babj‑a
baj‑a
bax‑a
- Gloss: ‘Bach’
- Descendant
- ModLem bàx.
bax‑a
bast‑a
bel‑a
- Gloss: ‘momentumunit’
- Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
- Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
- Ancestor: Koi βέλ‑ος
- Variant: academic loan
- Descendant
- ModLem blàp.
ber‑a
- Gloss: ‘pepper (Piper nigrum)’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Pejorative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem bebèr‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem bràp.
bempx‑a
- Gloss: ‘hat, cone’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem bèmbik‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem dmàpx.
bil‑a
- Gloss: ‘approve’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Dative narrowing
- Pejorative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem bybil‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem bilà.
botom‑a
- Gloss: ‘Bottom’
- Descendant
- ModLem botmàb.
buna‑a
- Gloss: ‘coffee’
- Descendant
- ModLem bunà.
bucam‑a
- Gloss: ‘Boojum’
- Descendant
- ModLem bucmà.
bl‑a
- Gloss: ‘strong’
- Connotation
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem bl‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem blà.
bleqk‑a
- Gloss: ‘parliament’
- Connotation
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem bul‑reqk‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem blàqk.
blor‑a
- Gloss: ‘copper’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Accusative narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem pilor‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem blàc.
blOr‑a
- Gloss: ‘rabbit (via Elb from Iberian, see lepus)’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap quick and good
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem leber‑yr
blU‑a
- Gloss: ‘(North) Africa’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap quick and good
- Ancestor: LMLem libÙ‑yr
- Descendant
- NLem blU‑can‑a
blU‑a
- Gloss: ‘book’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Pejorative narrowing
- Means for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem biblì‑yr
blUrdz‑a
- Gloss: ‘shout, curse’
- Connotation
- Factive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem blUrdz‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem blàdj.
blU‑can‑a
- Gloss: ‘Africa’
- Constituents: NLem blU‑a + can‑a
- Variant: clarifying compound
- Descendant
- ModLem blUcnà.
bRUl‑a
- Gloss: ‘iron’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Dative narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Weakening narrowing
- Means for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem pyrzil‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem bRàj.
bmin‑a
- Gloss: ‘full’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Dative narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Slowing narrowing
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem pylmen‑yr
- Descendants
bw‑a
bwegjrOnt‑a
- Gloss: ‘the High One (Goddess of spring)’
- Connotations
- Unsupported ending! Use root for verbs.
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Dative narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap quick and good
- Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
- Nominative widening
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem bwyrgjent‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem bvegcrà.
bwyrgjent‑a
- Gloss: ‘Persephone’
- Connotations
- Unsupported ending! Use root for verbs.
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Ancestor: OLem bwyrgjent‑
- Variant: academic loan
- Descendant
- ModLem bvyrgcà.
bwrOr‑a
- Gloss: ‘dress’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem perwer‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem bvràc.
bwmi‑a
- Gloss: ‘fright, shock’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Accusative narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Pejorative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem bwimbì‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem bvmàp.
k‑a
kalp‑a
kard‑a
- Gloss: ‘timeunit’
- Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
- Other possibility: r̥ > ρα
- Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
- Ancestor: Koi καρδί‑ᾱ
- Variant: academic loan
- Irregularity: shortened form
- Descendant
- ModLem krà.
kart‑a
- Gloss: ‘hunt’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem kart‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem kràt.
karw‑a
- Gloss: ‘trombone’
- Connotation
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
- Ancestor: LMLem karw‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem kràw.
karxn‑a
karst‑a
kaml‑a
- Gloss: ‘camel’
- Connotation
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem kàmel‑yr
- Descendants
kat‑a
- Gloss: ‘cat’
- Connotation
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem kàt‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem kàt.
kapulet‑a
- Gloss: ‘Capulet’
- Descendant
- ModLem kapulàt.
kafr‑a
kafk‑a
kelt‑a
- Gloss: ‘pendulum, tail’
- Connotation
- Factive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem kè‑alt‑ar
- Descendants
kerd‑a
kem‑a
kejgj‑a
kexk‑a
- Gloss: ‘regret’
- Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem kèxk‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem kàxk.
kolibr‑a
- Gloss: ‘hummingbird’
- Irregularity: from a Caribbean language
- Descendant
- ModLem kolàb.
koRj‑a
- Gloss: ‘(coil of) wire’
- Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
- Interval: 2 × 3 = 6 -> perfect fifth
- Local narrowing
- Ancestor: Besk koŕy
- Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
- Descendant
- ModLem kRàj.
korj‑a
kon‑a
- Gloss: ‘powder’
- Connotation
- Accusative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem kòni‑yr
koxl‑a
- Gloss: ‘speedunit’
- Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
- Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
- Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
- Ancestor: Koi κόχλ‑ος
- Variant: academic loan
- Descendant
- ModLem kàx.
kubr‑a
- Gloss: ‘ibex’
- Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
- Interval: 5 × 3 = 15 -> major seventh
- Ancestor: Besk kubr
- Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
- Descendant
- ModLem kubrà.
kuk‑a
- Gloss: ‘cuckoo’
- Connotation
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem kuk‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem kukà.
kuxw‑a
- Gloss: ‘tuber’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Ancestor: LMLem kuxw‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem kàxw.
kust‑a
- Gloss: ‘weep’
- Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem kuzt‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem kàst.
kUbr‑a
- Gloss: ‘paper’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem kÙper‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem kàb.
kUkl‑a
- Gloss: ‘wheel’
- Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
- Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
- Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
- Ancestor: LMLem kÙkl‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem kàk.
kront‑a
- Gloss: ‘nimble’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Dative narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
- Place for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem yrkant‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem kràxt.
krobl‑a
- Gloss: ‘castle, stronghold; crab’
- Connotations
- Factive narrowing
- Local narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Accusative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem akròpoli‑yr
- Descendants
krO‑a
- Gloss: ‘blood (outside the body)’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem krè‑yr
krOgwn‑a
- Gloss: ‘mad’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Local narrowing
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem krègwon‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem kràgw.
krut‑a
- Gloss: ‘lyre’
- Connotation
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem krutt‑yr
krUxr‑a
- Gloss: ‘scratch’
- Connotations
- Instrumental narrowing
- Means for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem krixr‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem kràx.
kn‑a
- Gloss: ‘separate [tr.]’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Slowing narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem krn‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem tnà.
kni‑a
- Gloss: ‘nut’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem knè‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem tnà.
knuR‑a
- Gloss: ‘nape’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem knoR‑yr
kxin‑a
- Gloss: ‘sing’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
- Interval: 5 × 4 = 20 -> major third
- Ancestor: Besk kxin
- Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
- Descendant
- ModLem khnà.
kxol‑a
- Gloss: ‘lace’
- Connotation
- Interval: 2 × 3 = 6 -> perfect fifth
- Ancestor: Besk kxoł
- Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
- Descendant
- ModLem khlà.
kxreint‑a
- Gloss: ‘kind of song sung by guests at banquets’
- Connotation
- Interval: 2 × 11 = 22 -> tritone
- Ancestor: Besk kxreint
- Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
- Descendant
- ModLem khrenà.
kxrobj‑a
- Gloss: ‘fir’
- Connotation
- Interval: 3 × 3 = 9 -> major second
- Ancestor: Besk kxråby
- Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
- Descendant
- ModLem khrà.
kxnU‑a
- Gloss: ‘gosling’
- Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Temporal narrowing
- Dative narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Metonymy: time for means (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem kxynÒ‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem khnà.
kxwar‑a
- Gloss: ‘faeces’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem kuxwar‑yr
- Descendant
- NLem kxwar‑n‑a
kxwar‑n‑a
- Gloss: ‘unreliable, reckless, devil-may-care’
- Constituents: NLem kxwar‑a + n‑a
- Variant: compound
- Descendants
khev‑a
- Gloss: ‘evident’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
- Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem kehev‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem khàv.
ksef‑a
- Gloss: ‘shadow, shade’
- Connotation
- Weakening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem ksef‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem ksàf.
ksr‑a
ksmyn‑a
- Gloss: ‘tail’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem kesman‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem ksmàj.
ksmUs‑a
- Gloss: ‘squirrel’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem kesmUs‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem ksmàs.
ksfel‑a
- Gloss: ‘clock, watch’
- Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem ksefel‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem ksfelà.
kfus‑a
- Gloss: ‘imagine’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Dative narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem kyfus‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem kfusà.
kfror‑a
- Gloss: ‘important’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Place for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem kfrar‑yr
- Descendants
kfrOnd‑a
- Gloss: ‘claim’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem kfrend‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem kfràjd.
t‑a
taln‑a
- Gloss: ‘sell’
- Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem talnk‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem djà.
talp‑a
talf‑a
- Gloss: ‘picture’
- Connotation
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
- Ancestor: Besk tełf
- Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
- Descendant
- ModLem klàf.
tar‑a
tart‑a
- Gloss: ‘ash’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem tart‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem tràt.
tarsn‑a
- Gloss: ‘land’
- Connotation
- Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
- Ancestor: LMLem tarns‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem tàcs.
tarfk‑a
tank‑a
- Gloss: ‘bone’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem tank‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem tnàk.
tam‑a
- Gloss: ‘(unpleasant) surprise’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Softening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem tamn‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem tmà.
tamgu‑a
- Gloss: ‘tango’
- Descendant
- ModLem tamgà.
taj‑a
teR‑a
- Gloss: ‘touch (intentionally), grasp’
- Connotation
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem tèR‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem kRà.
tek‑a
- Gloss: ‘grasp’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem tek‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem tàk.
tet‑a
- Gloss: ‘people, tribe’
- Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem tèt‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem tàt.
tex‑a
texn‑a
- Gloss: ‘art’
- Connotation
- Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
- Ancestor: LMLem tèxn‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem tàx.
teqk‑a
tykf‑a
- Gloss: ‘academic’
- Connotations
- Local narrowing
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem otykpf‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem tàkf.
tyxt‑a
tiar‑a
- Gloss: ‘tiara’
- Connotation
- South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
- Ancestor: Koi τιᾱ́ρ‑ᾱ
- Variant: academic loan
- Descendant
- ModLem tirà.
tir‑a
toRq‑a
- Gloss: ‘tone’
- Connotation
- Interval: 2 × 3 = 6 -> perfect fifth
- Ancestor: Besk toŕt
- Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
- Irregularity: irregular development
- Descendant
- ModLem kRàq.
tondw‑a
- Gloss: ‘captain’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem etondb‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem tnàdw.
tUp‑a
- Gloss: ‘assume’
- Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
- Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
- Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
- Ancestor: LMLem tÙp‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem tàp.
tUx‑a
- Gloss: ‘chance, luck’
- Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
- Cohyponymic transfer: obscure for familiar thing (pejorative)
- Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
- Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
- Ancestor: LMLem tÙx‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem tUxà.
tlOn‑a
- Gloss: ‘endure, pluck up courage’
- Connotation
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem tlèn‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem klàj.
tRens‑a
- Gloss: ‘Trance’
- Descendant
- ModLem kRensà.
trom‑a
- Gloss: ‘witch’
- Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
- Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
- Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
- Accusative narrowing
- Place for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem tràmi‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem tràw.
troxk‑a
- Gloss: ‘beaver’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem troxk‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem tràxk.
trO‑a
- Gloss: ‘three’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Nominative narrowing
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem trè‑yl
- Descendant
- ModLem trà.
trUgj‑a
- Gloss: ‘music’
- Connotations
- Means for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem trigj‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem tràgc.
txubl‑a
- Gloss: ‘tunnel’
- Connotation
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem txubl‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem txàb.
txusk‑a
- Gloss: ‘loud’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem txutk‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem txàsk.
tha‑a
- Gloss: ‘black tea’
- Descendant
- ModLem txà.
tsatxaf‑a
- Gloss: ‘quicksilver’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Factive widening
- Ancestor: LMLem etstxaf‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem txatxàf.
tsetlOw‑a
- Gloss: ‘ivory’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Factive narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Nominative widening
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem etst‑elèfa‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem txeklàw.
tsoixe‑a
- Gloss: ‘expert’
- Connotations
- Nominative widening
- Interval: 25 × 3 = 75 -> minor third
- Ancestor: NLem tsoixe‑soux‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem txoixà.
tsoixe‑soux‑a
- Gloss: ‘chef’
- Connotations
- Nominative widening
- Interval: 25 × 3 = 75 -> minor third
- Ancestor: NLem tsoixesoux‑a
- Irregularity: reanalysis
- Descendants
tsoixesoux‑a
- Gloss: ‘chef’
- Connotations
- Nominative widening
- Interval: 25 × 3 = 75 -> minor third
- Ancestor: Besk tsoixäsåux
- Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
- Descendant
- NLem tsoixe‑soux‑a
tfydR‑a
- Gloss: ‘forest’
- Connotations
- Dative narrowing
- Weakening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem ytfydlz‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem tfàd.
palw‑a
- Gloss: ‘float’
- Ancestor: LMLem palw‑a
park‑a
- Gloss: ‘request’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem park‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem pràk.
part‑a
- Gloss: ‘barely succeed’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem part‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem pràt.
parsatx‑a
- Gloss: ‘basket’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: content for container
- Factive widening
- Ancestor: LMLem parstx‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem parsàtx.
pan‑a
pangj‑a
- Gloss: ‘terrible’
- Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Strengthening narrowing
- Metonymy: content for container
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Pejorative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem pangdj‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem pnàgc.
pet‑a
- Gloss: ‘correct’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem pet‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem pàt.
pevr‑a
- Gloss: ‘lark’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem pèqur‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem pevrà.
pevn‑a
- Gloss: ‘straight’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Local narrowing
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem pèvont‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem pàv.
pewl‑a
- Gloss: ‘fold’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem pèfil‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem pàw.
pex‑a
pesk‑a
- Gloss: ‘fish’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem pèsk‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem pàsk.
pylk‑a
- Gloss: ‘unlock’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem pylk‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem plàk.
pi‑a
pin‑a
- Gloss: ‘five’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Pejorative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem pin‑yl
- Descendant
- ModLem pnà.
pibc‑a
- Gloss: ‘poison’
- Connotations
- Factive narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Pejorative narrowing
- Pejorative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem pìp‑abgc‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem pàbc.
pisk‑a
- Gloss: ‘crush’
- Ancestor: LMLem pisk‑a
pif‑a
- Gloss: ‘move (purposefully)’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem pif‑a
- Descendants
pif‑en‑a
pifn‑a
pif‑prO‑a
pif‑fo‑a
pol‑a
- Gloss: ‘city’
- Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
- Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
- Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
- Accusative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem pòli‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem plà.
podaRugn‑a
- Gloss: ‘timpani’
- Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
- Interval: 5 × 3 = 15 -> major seventh
- Ancestor: Besk podaŕugn
- Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
- Descendant
- ModLem podaRàg.
pOz‑a
pUrg‑a
plOm‑a
- Gloss: ‘blow’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem plèm‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem plàw.
plOvgc‑a
- Gloss: ‘mould’
- Connotations
- Instrumental narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem pleqkc‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem plàvg.
plOqk‑a
- Gloss: ‘foul air, airborne disease’
- Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem pleqk‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem plOqkàj.
plUp‑a
- Gloss: ‘scorpion’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Local narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
- Means for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem olpìp‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem plUpà.
prigounts‑a
- Gloss: ‘fine art’
- Connotations
- Unsupported ending! Use root for verbs.
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
- Interval: 5 × 121 = 605 -> minor third
- Ancestor: Besk prigåunts
- Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
- Descendant
- ModLem prigonàtx.
proxekx‑a
- Gloss: ‘badger’
- Connotations
- Nominative widening
- Interval: 3 × 3 = 9 -> major second
- Ancestor: Besk pråxäkx
- Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
- Descendants
prO‑a
- Gloss: ‘front’
- Connotation
- Temporal narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem prÒ
- Irregularity: inflected form
- Descendants
prunt‑a
prUn‑a
- Gloss: ‘beautiful’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Means for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem prìn‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem pràj.
pxloj‑a
- Gloss: ‘plain, flat’
- Connotations
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Factive narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Auto-converse: swap quick and weak
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem palxòj‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem pxlàj.
pser‑a
- Gloss: ‘father’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Dative narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem pyser‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem psràb.
psUx‑a
- Gloss: ‘psyche’
- Connotation
- South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
- Ancestor: LMLem psUx‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem psàx.
pslO‑a
- Gloss: ‘lord, chief’
- Connotations
- Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
- Factive narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem basilè‑ar
pslU‑a
- Gloss: ‘scissors’
- Connotations
- Factive narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Means for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem psalì‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem pslà.
psronk‑a
- Gloss: ‘froth’
- Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Auto-converse: swap quick and weak
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Place for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem prusank‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem psràxk.
pqxar‑a
- Gloss: ‘fantasy’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Accusative narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem piqxar‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem pqxarà.
pfeht‑a
- Gloss: ‘number’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Temporal narrowing
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem Opfèhtt‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem pqàht.
pfi‑a
- Gloss: ‘angry’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem pifì‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem pqàb.
pfouf‑a
- Gloss: ‘cook’
- Connotation
- Interval: 7 × 11 = 77 -> minor third
- Ancestor: Besk pfåuf‑m
- Descendant
- ModLem pqoà.
j‑a
jawar‑a
- Gloss: ‘jaguar’
- Descendant
- ModLem jawrà.
jenj‑a
jem‑a
- Gloss: ‘ice’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Pejorative narrowing
- Local narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem jèm‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem jmàx.
jek‑a
- Gloss: ‘mouth’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem jek‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem jàk.
jet‑a
- Gloss: ‘name’
- Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem jèt‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem jàt.
jexe‑a
- Gloss: ‘bake’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem jèxè‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem jexà.
jexw‑a
- Gloss: ‘bile’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem jèxw‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem jàxw.
jesl‑a
jeskx‑a
- Gloss: ‘beer’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Factive narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem jèsakx‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem jàsk.
jingj‑a
joRkx‑a
- Gloss: ‘roe deer’
- Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
- Interval: 3 × 3 = 9 -> major second
- Ancestor: Besk yåŕkx
- Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
jork‑a
joksror‑a
- Gloss: ‘Bear-Lady’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Dative narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Melioration narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
- Auto-converse: swap quick and weak
- Local widening
- Ancestor: LMLem xyrtksor‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem joksràc.
jUr‑a
- Gloss: ‘worm’
- Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem jUr‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem jrà.
jlo‑a
- Gloss: ‘Greece’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Slowing narrowing
- Place for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem xellà‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem jloà.
jlUs‑a
- Gloss: ‘alder’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Dative narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Means for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem xylis‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem jlàs.
jmunt‑a
- Gloss: ‘window’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Pejorative narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
- Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
- Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
- Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
- Weakening narrowing
- Slowing narrowing
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem lingjwont‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem jmàxt.
jmUs‑a
- Gloss: ‘door’
- Connotations
- Temporal narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Pejorative narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
- Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
- Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
- Auto-converse: swap quick and weak
- Strengthening narrowing
- Slowing narrowing
- Metonymy: time for means (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem lingjfÒs‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem jmàs.
jmRas‑a
- Gloss: ‘tired’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
- Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
- Ancestor: LMLem neRwas‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem jmRàs.
jbot‑a
- Gloss: ‘vote’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem kibot‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem jbàt.
jvelO‑a
- Gloss: ‘chess’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Instrumental narrowing
- Factive narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem xwasèlÒ‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem jvelà.
jhen‑a
- Gloss: ‘machine’
- Connotations
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem xuxsen‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem jhàj.
jsoj‑a
- Gloss: ‘island > jail’
- Connotations
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Factive narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem xafxòj‑yr
- Descendants
- NLem jsoj‑star‑a
- ModLem jsàj.
jsoj‑star‑a
jsti‑a
- Gloss: ‘sail’
- Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
- Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
- Ancestor: LMLem xistì‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem jstà.
jfOxw‑a
- Gloss: ‘evil’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Temporal narrowing
- Dative narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem xyfÒxw‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem jfàxw.
cargj‑a
- Gloss: ‘drag, pull’
- Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
- Ancestor: LMLem cargj‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem cràgc.
carw‑a
- Gloss: ‘law’
- Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
- Ancestor: LMLem carw‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem cràw.
can‑a
- Gloss: ‘complete, all’
- Connotations
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Pejorative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem can‑yr
- Descendants
candz‑a
- Gloss: ‘spicy, hot’
- Connotations
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem candz‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem cnàdj.
cank‑a
- Gloss: ‘swim’
- Connotations
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem cank‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem cnàk.
canxw‑a
- Gloss: ‘dust’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
- Ancestor: LMLem canxw‑yr
- Descendants
cambr‑a
- Gloss: ‘1/6’
- Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
- Ancestor: LMLem cambr‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem càwb.
cambw‑a
- Gloss: ‘hurt’
- Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
- Ancestor: LMLem cambw‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem cmàbv.
camk‑a
- Gloss: ‘hand’
- Connotations
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem camk‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem cmàk.
cO‑a
- Gloss: ‘human’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Temporal narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem ecÒ‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem cOàc.
cOnzd‑a
- Gloss: ‘feather’
- Connotation
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem cÒ‑nezd‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem cnàzd.
cOx‑a
- Gloss: ‘field’
- Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
- Temporal narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem cÒx‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem càx.
cOhw‑a
cOhfkat‑a
- Gloss: ‘electricity’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem cÒehw‑kàt‑Ur
- Descendant
- ModLem cOhfkàt.
cUr‑a
- Gloss: ‘underworldly’
- Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
- Ancestor: LMLem cUr‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem crà.
cUnw‑a
- Gloss: ‘child’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem cUnw‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem cnà.
crumbw‑a
- Gloss: ‘2/6’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem crumbw‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem crà.
cgjir‑a
- Gloss: ‘hedgehog’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
- Instrumental narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem hUgjir‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem cgàc.
zaraquhtr‑a
- Gloss: ‘Zarathustra’
- Ancestor: OLem zarathushtr‑
- Variant: academic loan
- Descendant
- ModLem zaraqàht.
zing‑a
- Gloss: ‘deform’
- Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
- Ancestor: LMLem zing‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem znàg.
zOm‑a
- Gloss: ‘lookAfter’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Temporal narrowing
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Dative narrowing
- Softening narrowing
- Weakening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem suzÒmyn‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem zmà.
zOmxt‑a
- Gloss: ‘guide’
- Connotations
- Temporal narrowing
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem zÒmuxt‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem zmàxt.
zrOn‑a
- Gloss: ‘mermaid’
- Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
- Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
- Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
- Factive narrowing
- Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
- Nominative narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem serèn‑yr
- Descendants
zmyn‑a
- Gloss: ‘stone’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Accusative narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Weakening narrowing
- Slowing narrowing
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem slicman‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem zmàj.
zmi‑a
- Gloss: ‘hail’
- Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
- Proto-Indo-European > South Hellenic not finished yet!
- Other possibility: thy > ττ
- South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
- Nominative narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem semè‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem zmàs.
zmingw‑a
- Gloss: ‘nightshade’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Melioration narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
- Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
- Weakening narrowing
- Slowing narrowing
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem frenk‑vengw‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem zmàw.
zmisk‑a
- Gloss: ‘shark’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Melioration narrowing
- Strengthening narrowing
- Slowing narrowing
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem fxurmpèsk‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem zmàsk.
zgank‑a
- Gloss: ‘louse’
- Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Pejorative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem zgdank‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem zdnàk.
zgwal‑a
- Gloss: ‘boat’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem sgwal‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem zgwàj.
zd‑a
zdor‑a
- Gloss: ‘silverpoint, leadpoint’
- Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
- Proto-Indo-European > South Hellenic not finished yet!
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem zdòr‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem zdrà.
zvor‑a
- Gloss: ‘friend’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Accusative narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem swisor‑yr
- Descendants
- NLem zvor‑mev‑a
- ModLem zvàc.
zvor‑mev‑a
zvur‑a
- Gloss: ‘son-in-law’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Accusative narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem swihur‑yr
zwlor‑a
- Gloss: ‘sulfur’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Accusative narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem swilor‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem zwlàc.
ver‑a
- Gloss: ‘bind, tie’
- Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
- Ancestor: LMLem ver‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem vrà.
vengw‑a
- Gloss: ‘burn, fire’
- Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
- Ancestor: LMLem vengw‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem vnà.
vembw‑a
- Gloss: ‘be astonished’
- Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
- Ancestor: LMLem vembw‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem vmàbv.
vesk‑a
- Gloss: ‘err’
- Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
- Ancestor: LMLem vesk‑a
- Descendants
- NLem dux‑vesk‑a
- ModLem vàsk.
vi‑a
- Gloss: ‘choose’
- Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
- Accusative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem vì‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem vàq.
vibwr‑a
- Gloss: ‘fascinate’
- Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
- Accusative narrowing
- Dative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem vìbwyr‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem vàbv.
vont‑a
vmin‑a
- Gloss: ‘agaric’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Dative narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Weakening narrowing
- Slowing narrowing
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem swylmen‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem vmàj.
vmlev‑a
- Gloss: ‘bear’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
- Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
- Ancestor: LMLem milivev‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem vmlàv.
vxozd‑a
- Gloss: ‘hotel’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Local narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem voxozd‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem vxàzd.
walg‑a
war‑a
wargr‑a
wardz‑a
warks‑a
- Gloss: ‘wait’
- Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem warkt‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem wràks.
warzn‑a
- Gloss: ‘rice’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Pejorative narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
- Ancestor: LMLem warndz‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem wàcz.
warw‑a
- Gloss: ‘free’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Strengthening narrowing
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem warw‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem wràw.
wagw‑a
- Gloss: ‘dog’
- Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem wagw‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem wàgw.
we‑a
- Gloss: ‘miss’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: itself for act
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem wè‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem wàf.
welgj‑a
weR‑a
- Gloss: ‘hazel’
- Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem wèR‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem weRà.
weRdo‑a
- Gloss: ‘branch’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem wèRdò‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem weRdà.
wer‑a
wergj‑a
wert‑a
- Gloss: ‘word’
- Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem wert‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem wràt.
wemabwr‑a
- Gloss: ‘dam’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Pejorative narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
- Factive widening
- Ancestor: LMLem wembrw‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem wemà.
wemb‑a
weth‑a
wevm‑a
- Gloss: ‘disassemble, separate > decide’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Pejorative narrowing
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Dative narrowing
- Softening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem wèvmyn‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem wàv.
wehs‑a
- Gloss: ‘meteor’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem wèhs‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem wàhs.
wesp‑a
- Gloss: ‘bread’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Factive narrowing
- Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
- Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem wèdap‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem wàsp.
wirxf‑a
- Gloss: ‘flow’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Factive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem wìrxaf‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem wràxf.
wind‑a
wimbr‑a
wib‑a
- Gloss: ‘net’
- Connotations
- Softening narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem wìb‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem wàb.
wipsr‑a
- Gloss: ‘spider’
- Connotations
- Softening narrowing
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Accusative narrowing
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem wìbsur‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem wàps.
wix‑a
wiqk‑a
- Gloss: ‘sway’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem wiqk‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem wàqk.
woR‑a
wUxp‑a
wlot‑a
- Gloss: ‘guard, record’
- Connotations
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Place for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem fulat‑a
- Descendants
wror‑a
- Gloss: ‘tree’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem furor‑yr
wron‑a
- Gloss: ‘dare’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem furon‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem wràj.
wronk‑a
wrOn‑a
- Gloss: ‘metaphor’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem wer‑en‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem wrOnà.
wmU‑a
- Gloss: ‘winter coat; cover’
- Connotations
- Temporal narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Slowing narrowing
- Metonymy: time for means (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem wermÒ‑yr
- Descendants
wdrogn‑a
- Gloss: ‘fight’
- Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
- Local narrowing
- Factive narrowing
- Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
- Place for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem bodaragn‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem wdràg.
wzar‑a
- Gloss: ‘rain’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem wuzar‑yr
- Descendants
wzar‑k‑a
wxung‑a
- Gloss: ‘promise’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem wixung‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem wxàjg.
wsar‑a
- Gloss: ‘spring’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem wusar‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem wsàc.
xaOl‑a
- Gloss: ‘apple’
- Connotations
- Dative narrowing
- Temporal narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem xàÒl‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xalà.
xal‑a
xal‑ev‑a
xalj‑a
xar‑a
- Gloss: ‘month’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Accusative narrowing
- Weakening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem jixar‑yr
- Descendant
- NLem xar‑ihk‑a
xar‑ihk‑a
- Gloss: ‘month’
- Constituents: NLem xar‑a + ihk‑a
- Variant: clarifying compound
- Descendant
- ModLem xaràhk.
xargr‑a
xartx‑a
- Gloss: ‘fear’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem xartk‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xràtx.
xarp‑a
- Gloss: ‘hook’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem xarp‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xràp.
xarpU‑a
xak‑a
- Gloss: ‘point’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem xak‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xàk.
xaj‑a
- Gloss: ‘waterfowl’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: content for container
- Dative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem xàj‑yr
xajR‑a
- Gloss: ‘crane’
- Connotations
- Factive narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
- Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
- Weakening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem xàj‑Rarj‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xajRà.
xajgn‑a
- Gloss: ‘whooper swan (<i>Cygnus cygnus</i>)’
- Connotation
- Factive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem xàj‑gan‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xàjg.
xaxpfi‑a
- Gloss: ‘mute swan (<i>Cygnus olor</i>)’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem xàj‑pifì‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xaxpqà.
xaxs‑a
xaf‑a
xer‑a
- Gloss: ‘profession’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: itself for act
- Factive narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem xèr‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem xràj.
xer‑a
- Gloss: ‘lengthunit’
- Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
- Cohyponymic transfer: obscure for familiar thing (pejorative)
- Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
- Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
- Ancestor: Koi χείρ
- Variant: academic loan
- Descendant
- ModLem xrà.
xepOz‑a
- Gloss: ‘root’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Temporal narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem xèpÒz‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xepàz.
xez‑a
- Gloss: ‘breathe’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: itself for act
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem xèz‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem xàz.
xesk‑a
- Gloss: ‘search’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem xesk‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem xàsk.
xyrtksor‑a
- Gloss: ‘Artemis’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Ancestor: OLem xyrtksor‑
- Variant: academic loan
- Descendant
- ModLem xyrtksà.
xic‑a
xo‑a
xont‑a
- Gloss: ‘breeze’
- Connotations
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Weakening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem xuxont‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem xnàt.
xoj‑a
- Gloss: ‘grass(land)’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: content for container
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem xòj‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xàj.
xojqt‑a
- Gloss: ‘mountain’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem xòjfust‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xàjq.
xO‑a
xOdn‑a
- Gloss: ‘hare’
- Connotations
- Instrumental narrowing
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Slowing narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem xÒdrn‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xàd.
xuR‑a
xUl‑a
- Gloss: ‘wool’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem xÙel‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xlà.
xURbw‑a
- Gloss: ‘strong breeze’
- Connotation
- Dative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem xÙRbw‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xRàbv.
xUbw‑a
xUxr‑a
xUxter‑a
xUxp‑a
xrOm‑a
- Gloss: ‘wolf’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Melioration narrowing
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem xrem‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xràw.
xnir‑a
- Gloss: ‘man’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem xner‑yr
xnir‑a
- Gloss: ‘wife’s brother’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Accusative narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
- Melioration narrowing
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Weakening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem jinxter‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xnrà.
xmylg‑a
- Gloss: ‘milk’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem xmalg‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem xmlàg.
xmun‑a
- Gloss: ‘Uranus’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
- Melioration narrowing
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem nefton‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xmàj.
xmus‑a
- Gloss: ‘baby’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem nefos‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xmàs.
xklon‑a
- Gloss: ‘soap’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
- South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
- Accusative narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
- Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem xilkòn‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xklàj.
xt‑a
- Gloss: ‘dig’
- Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem kt‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem xtàj.
xter‑a
- Gloss: ‘planet’
- Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem xter‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xtràj.
xtO‑a
- Gloss: ‘eight’
- Connotations
- Local narrowing
- Instrumental narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem xtÒ‑yl
- Descendant
- ModLem xtà.
xtrO‑a
- Gloss: ‘reside’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem uxtrè‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xtrà.
xp‑a
xpif‑a
- Gloss: ‘people’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Instrumental narrowing
- Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem jUpìf‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xpàf.
xpodm‑a
- Gloss: ‘shoe’
- Connotations
- Instrumental narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem xUpòdem‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xpàd.
xprol‑a
- Gloss: ‘hyperbola’
- Connotations
- Instrumental narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap quick and good
- Pejorative narrowing
- Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem xUperbol‑yr
- Descendants
xwyx‑a
- Gloss: ‘pastime, hobby’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: effect/purpose for cause/motive
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Instrumental narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem xwyx‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xwà.
xsor‑a
- Gloss: ‘Venus’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem uxsor‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xsrà.
xfaftf‑a
- Gloss: ‘manganese’
- Connotations
- Dative narrowing
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem yxxfaftf‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem xfàft.
halg‑a
- Gloss: ‘wall’
- Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
- Ancestor: LMLem halg‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem hlàg.
harn‑a
- Gloss: ‘clean’
- Connotations
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem harnk‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem hàc.
hark‑a
harw‑a
- Gloss: ‘work/go smoothly’
- Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
- Ancestor: LMLem harw‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem hràw.
haba‑a
- Gloss: ‘Shabar’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Factive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem hàbà‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem habà.
hahs‑a
- Gloss: ‘power’
- Connotations
- Temporal narrowing
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem Ohahss‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem hàhs.
hel‑a
- Gloss: ‘salt’
- Connotations
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem hèl‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem hlà.
hemys‑a
- Gloss: ‘Seamus’
- Descendant
- ModLem hemàs.
hit‑a
hur‑a
- Gloss: ‘yelp’
- Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
- Ancestor: LMLem hur‑a
- Descendants
hnunt‑a
- Gloss: ‘healer (one mixing potions)’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
- Melioration narrowing
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem mihkont‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem hnàxt.
hketm‑a
- Gloss: ‘autumn’
- Connotations
- Temporal narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem ihkètm‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem hkàt.
htir‑a
- Gloss: ‘jounger sibling’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Pejorative narrowing
- Metonymy: effect/purpose for cause/motive
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Totum pro parte (strong whole)
- Instrumental narrowing
- Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem cUtir‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem htrà.
hzOdn‑a
- Gloss: ‘donkey’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Strengthening narrowing
- Slowing narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem ehw‑xÒdrn‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem hzàd.
salpn‑a
- Gloss: ‘trumpet’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem sàlpink‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem saxàf.
sarx‑a
sasp‑a
- Gloss: ‘minister’
- Connotations
- Dative narrowing
- Temporal narrowing
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem Osàspt‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem sàsp.
selen‑a
sem‑a
si‑a
- Gloss: ‘Anatolia, Asia’
- Connotation
- Factive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem asì‑yr
soux‑a
- Gloss: ‘cook’
- Connotations
- Nominative widening
- Interval: 25 × 3 = 75 -> minor third
- Ancestor: NLem tsoixe‑soux‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem soàx.
susan‑a
- Gloss: ‘Susan’
- Descendant
- ModLem susnà.
slUc‑a
- Gloss: ‘butter’
- Connotation
- Means for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem slic‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem slàc.
sr‑a
sreq‑a
- Gloss: ‘queue’
- Descendant
- ModLem sràq.
srO‑a
- Gloss: ‘rot’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Metonymy: itself for act
- Melioration narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem srè‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem srà.
srOn‑a
- Gloss: ‘male’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Dative narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap quick and weak
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem yrsen‑yr
srOn‑a
- Gloss: ‘drone (male bee or wasp)’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Melioration narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem srèn‑yr
sruwdl‑a
- Gloss: ‘adequate, functional’
- Connotations
- Dative narrowing
- Weakening narrowing
- Cause/motive for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem ysrywwdl‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem sràwd.
srU‑a
- Gloss: ‘play a rule-governed game’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Melioration narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Means for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem srì‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem srUà.
srUmb‑a
- Gloss: ‘push’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Melioration narrowing
- Means for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem srimb‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem sràwb.
snark‑a
- Gloss: ‘Snark’
- Descendant
- ModLem snràk.
snyrk‑a
- Gloss: ‘knot’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem snark‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem snràk.
sningw‑a
- Gloss: ‘snow’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem snengw‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem snàw.
sniq‑a
- Gloss: ‘adder; bite’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem snèq‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem snàq.
snus‑a
smyrsk‑a
- Gloss: ‘cabinet’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem smarsk‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem smràsk.
smyn‑a
- Gloss: ‘remember’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem musan‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem smàj.
smir‑a
- Gloss: ‘function’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem smer‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem smrà.
smiv‑a
- Gloss: ‘lick’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
- Nominative narrowing
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem smèv‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem smàv.
skarp‑a
- Gloss: ‘split, divide, break’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem skarp‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem skràp.
skam‑a
- Gloss: ‘256’
- Connotations
- Melioration narrowing
- Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem tkam‑yl
- Descendant
- ModLem skmà.
skerdz‑a
skeng‑a
skesk‑a
- Gloss: ‘settlement’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
- Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem tkesk‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem skàsk.
skeqk‑a
- Gloss: ‘shard’
- Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem skevk‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem skàqk.
skont‑a
- Gloss: ‘sparrow’
- Connotation
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem skont‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem stnàt.
sklont‑a
- Gloss: ‘room’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Dative narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem skylont‑yr
- Descendants
skrOr‑a
- Gloss: ‘finger’
- Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Dative narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
- Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
- Melioration narrowing
- Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem dyrkter‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem skràc.
skrOngj‑a
- Gloss: ‘egg’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Dative narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
- Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
- Melioration narrowing
- Slowing narrowing
- Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem dyrkterengj‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem skrà.
skmim‑a
- Gloss: ‘butcher’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
- Melioration narrowing
- Slowing narrowing
- Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem skarpmèm‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem skmàw.
skxol‑a
stalgr‑a
star‑a
- Gloss: ‘bull’
- Connotation
- Dative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem stàr‑yr
- Descendants
- NLem jsoj‑star‑a
- ModLem strà.
- ModLem stràz.
stel‑a
- Gloss: ‘pillar’
- Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
- Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
- Other possibility: l̥ > λα
- Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
- Ancestor: LMLem stèl‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem sklà.
stelg‑a
stedr‑a
- Gloss: ‘legend’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem stètur‑ar
- Descendants
stingj‑a
stOng‑a
- Gloss: ‘row’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: place for place
- Temporal narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem stÒng‑yr
strogn‑a
- Gloss: ‘(small) box’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Local narrowing
- Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
- Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
- Place for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem tetràgon‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem stràg.
sp‑a
- Gloss: ‘happy’
- Connotations
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem tp‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem spàz.
spalm‑a
- Gloss: ‘sad’
- Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem spalnp‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem spàj.
sperdz‑a
spesk‑a
- Gloss: ‘dolphin’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Instrumental narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
- Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem tUpèsk‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem spàsk.
spolj‑a
- Gloss: ‘shore’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: content for container
- Strengthening narrowing
- Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem tpolj‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem splàj.
sprOwl‑a
- Gloss: ‘butterfly’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Accusative narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Weakening narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
- Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem slicpèfil‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem spràw.
spnyr‑a
- Gloss: ‘thank’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem spnar‑a
sje‑a
swazw‑a
- Gloss: ‘glad’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
- Ancestor: LMLem swazw‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem swàzw.
swent‑a
- Gloss: ‘believe’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem swent‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem swnàt.
sweh‑a
swiv‑a
swmil‑a
- Gloss: ‘moth’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Accusative narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
- Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
- Softening narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem mineswel‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem swmilà.
sxar‑a
- Gloss: ‘fuel’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem isxar‑yr
- Descendants
sxun‑a
sxn‑a
- Gloss: ‘rope’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem sxn‑yr
qel‑a
qelp‑a
- Gloss: ‘tar’
- Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
- Ancestor: LMLem qelp‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem qlàp.
qer‑a
- Gloss: ‘animal’
- Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
- Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
- Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
- Ancestor: LMLem qèr‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem qrà.
qerm‑a
qeng‑a
- Gloss: ‘hold, overpower’
- Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
- Ancestor: LMLem qeng‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem qnàg.
qend‑a
- Gloss: ‘order’
- Connotations
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem qènd‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem qnàd.
qent‑a
- Gloss: ‘smoke (also tobacco)’
- Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
- Ancestor: LMLem qent‑a
- Descendants
qem‑a
- Gloss: ‘group’
- Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
- Ancestor: LMLem qem‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem qmà.
qemxz‑a
- Gloss: ‘(grain of) sand’
- Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
- Ancestor: LMLem qemxz‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem qmàxz.
qexk‑a
- Gloss: ‘fly, beat one’s wings’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Melioration narrowing
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
- Ancestor: LMLem qexk‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem qàxk.
qizgw‑a
- Gloss: ‘think’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem qisgw‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem qàzg.
qisn‑a
- Gloss: ‘winter’
- Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
- Ancestor: LMLem qisn‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem qàs.
qif‑a
- Gloss: ‘seven’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem qif‑yl
- Descendant
- ModLem qàf.
qkerdz‑a
- Gloss: ‘artichoke’
- Connotation
- Nominative narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem ev‑skerdz‑yr
- Irregularity: contraction
- Descendant
- ModLem qkràdj.
qtrO‑a
- Gloss: ‘arrange’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Strengthening narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Weakening narrowing
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem ihwtrè‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem qtrà.
fet‑a
- Gloss: ‘fast’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem fet‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem fàt.
fing‑a
- Gloss: ‘try’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Weakening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem fifing‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem fnà.
fis‑a
fo‑a
- Gloss: ‘far’
- Connotation
- Factive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem afo
- Irregularity: inflected form
- Descendants
fok‑a
- Gloss: ‘seal’
- Connotation
- South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
- Ancestor: LMLem fòk‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem fokàj.
foph‑a
- Gloss: ‘suck’
- Connotations
- Dative narrowing
- Strengthening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem yfophh‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem fàph.
fOpysir‑a
- Gloss: ‘FatherChristmas’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: place for place
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Ancestor: OLem föpysir‑
- Variant: academic loan
- Descendant
- ModLem fOpysràf.
fOps‑a
- Gloss: ‘Neptune’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: place for place
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Temporal narrowing
- Dative narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem fÒpys‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem fàps.
fOs‑a
fOst‑a
- Gloss: ‘peck’
- Connotations
- Temporal narrowing
- Local narrowing
- Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
- Melioration narrowing
- Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem fÒsotk‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem fàst.
flOr‑a
- Gloss: ‘blue’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Melioration narrowing
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem fler‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem flàc.
fr‑a
frekur‑a
- Gloss: ‘Ares’
- Connotations
- Melioration narrowing
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Ancestor: OLem frēkur‑
- Variant: academic loan
- Descendant
- ModLem frekràf.
fror‑a
- Gloss: ‘(warmth given by a) stove’
- Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Accusative narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap quick and weak
- Melioration narrowing
- Weakening narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem wirftor‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem fràc.
frodj‑a
- Gloss: ‘perceive’
- Connotations
- Act for material/colour/sound/smell
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
- Factive narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Place for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem fràtj‑a
- Descendants
frOnk‑a
- Gloss: ‘fruit’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Melioration narrowing
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem frenk‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem fràxk.
frOm‑a
- Gloss: ‘stroll, amble, walk’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Melioration narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem frèm‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem fràw.
frOgr‑a
- Gloss: ‘Mars’
- Connotations
- Melioration narrowing
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem frèkur‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem fràg.
frOs‑a
- Gloss: ‘uncle’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Melioration narrowing
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
- Nominative narrowing
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem frès‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem fràs.
frunk‑a
- Gloss: ‘dig (out)’
- Ancestor: LMLem frunk‑a
frux‑a
- Gloss: ‘astonish’
- Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem frux‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem fràx.
frUn‑a
- Gloss: ‘cloud’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Means for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem frìn‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem fràj.
fnyt‑a
- Gloss: ‘yearn’
- Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem fnat‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem fnàt.
fnysf‑a
- Gloss: ‘feel’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Accusative narrowing
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem fnàisf‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem fnàsf.
fnumb‑a
- Gloss: ‘relative’
- Connotation
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem fnomb‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem fnàwb.
fmink‑a
- Gloss: ‘spill’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
- Melioration narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem fmink‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem fmàxk.
fmunt‑a
- Gloss: ‘plant’
- Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
- Ancestor: LMLem mifont‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem fmàxt.
fkur‑a
- Gloss: ‘shoot arrows’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem pkùr‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem fkrà.
fkrongj‑a
- Gloss: ‘tortoise’
- Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
- Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
- Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
- Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem repkongj‑ar
- Descendant
- ModLem fkràj.
ftarsk‑a
- Gloss: ‘sneeze’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem ptarsk‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem ftràsk.
ftank‑a
- Gloss: ‘eagle’
- Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
- Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem ptank‑yr
- Descendant
- ModLem ftnàk.
ftax‑a
- Gloss: ‘play’
- Connotation
- Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
- Ancestor: LMLem ptax‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem ftàx.
fpalx‑a
- Gloss: ‘sky’
- Connotation
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
- Ancestor: LMLem ufpalx‑yr
- Descendants
fprUf‑a
- Gloss: ‘rustle, whisper’
- Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
- Nominative narrowing
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
- Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
- Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
- Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
- Means for material/colour/sound/smell
- Ancestor: LMLem perpif‑a
- Descendant
- ModLem fpràf.