Multilingual etymological dictionary
These are the uncensored data from the vocab creating software ‘Neogrammarian’.
aer‑a
- Gloss: ‘pressureunit’
 - Connotation
- Or 1st mora stressed?
 
 - Ancestor: Koi ἀήρ
 - Variant: academic loan
 - Descendant
- ModLem aràc.
 
 
al‑a
- Gloss: ‘nourish, foster’
 - Ancestor: LMLem al‑a
 
alaix‑a
- Gloss: ‘alder’
 - Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
 - Interval: 11 × 25 = 275 -> minor second
 
 - Ancestor: Besk ʼałaix
 - Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
 - Descendant
- ModLem alaà.
 
 
alg‑a
algj‑a
algz‑a
- Gloss: ‘little, dear [term of endearment]’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
 - Weakening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem algjw‑yr
 - Descendants
 
albw‑a
alt‑a
- Gloss: ‘heavy’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem alt‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem làt.
 
 
alxw‑a
- Gloss: ‘green’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem alxw‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem làxw.
 
 
aRc‑a
- Gloss: ‘monarch’
 - Connotations
- Dative narrowing
 - Weakening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem àRcc‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem Ràc.
 
 
arg‑a
- Gloss: ‘river’
 - Ancestor: LMLem arg‑ar
 - Descendants
- NLem dnuj‑arg‑a
 - ModLem argà.
 
 
argw‑a
- Gloss: ‘dark (colour)’
 - Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem argw‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem ràgw.
 
 
ardz‑a
art‑a
- Gloss: ‘blood’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem art‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem artà.
 
 
arzg‑a
arsk‑a
an‑a
anagzn‑a
- Gloss: ‘gathering place for discussion and teaching’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: content for container
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
 - Weakening narrowing
 - Factive widening
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem angwnj‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem anàgz.
 
 
anakfr‑a
- Gloss: ‘vacation’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
 - Factive widening
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem ankfr‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem anàkf.
 
 
anr‑a
- Gloss: ‘16’
 - Connotation
- A modifier plus a consonant ( ʱᴛ) is not allowed!
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem anr‑yl
 - Descendant
- ModLem àj.
 
 
ameli‑a
- Gloss: ‘Amélie’
 - Descendant
- ModLem amelà.
 
 
amy‑a
- Gloss: ‘pond’
 - Irregularity: probably of British origin
 - Descendant
- ModLem amà.
 
 
agm‑a
- Gloss: ‘statue’
 - Connotations
- Factive narrowing
 - Factive narrowing
 - Slowing narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem àgalma‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem agmà.
 
 
agjm‑a
- Gloss: ‘fog’
 - Connotations
- Instrumental narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem aknw‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem àgc.
 
 
adm‑a
- Gloss: ‘atom’
 - Connotations
- Local narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem àtom‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem admàc.
 
 
abc‑a
- Gloss: ‘(unpleasantly) bitter’
 - Connotation
- Pejorative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem abgc‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem àbc.
 
 
akn‑a
akx‑a
ats‑a
atsap‑a
- Gloss: ‘late morning’
 - Connotations
- Dative narrowing
 - Factive widening
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem àtsp‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem atxàp.
 
 
apf‑a
acoRd‑a
- Gloss: ‘admiral, general’
 - Connotations
- Factive narrowing
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Pejorative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem àcòRdd‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem acRàd.
 
 
axr‑a
ahr‑a
astek‑a
- Gloss: ‘SouthAmerica’
 - Descendant
- ModLem astekà.
 
 
e
- Gloss: ‘no’
 - Ancestor: LMLem e
 
e‑a
- Gloss: ‘laugh’
 - Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem è‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem eà.
 
 
eafst‑a
- Gloss: ‘uranium’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Dative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem èàfst‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem eàfs.
 
 
el‑a
- Gloss: ‘El [monotheistic god]’
 - Ancestor: LMLem el‑yr
 
elefa‑a
- Gloss: ‘elephant’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: itself for act
 - South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
 
 - Ancestor: Koi ἐλέφᾱ‑ς
 - Variant: academic loan
 - Descendant
- ModLem elefà.
 
 
eRwR‑a
en‑a
- Gloss: ‘between’
 - Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem en
 - Irregularity: inflected form
 - Descendants
 
engj‑a
- Gloss: ‘armour’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: content for container
 - Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem engj‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem nàgc.
 
 
engw‑a
- Gloss: ‘drink’
 - Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem èngw‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem nàgw.
 
 
end‑a
- Gloss: ‘boss, chief’
 - Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem ènd‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem nàd.
 
 
entom‑a
- Gloss: ‘insect’
 - Connotation
- South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
 
 - Ancestor: Koi ἔντομ‑ον
 - Variant: academic loan
 - Descendant
- ModLem entàw.
 
 
em‑a
- Gloss: ‘take’
 - Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem em‑a
 
embol‑a
- Gloss: ‘forceunit’
 - Connotations
- Other possibility: l̥ > λα
 - Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
 
 - Ancestor: Koi ἐμβολ‑ή
 - Variant: academic loan
 - Descendant
- ModLem emblà.
 
 
ed‑a
edmund‑a
- Gloss: ‘Edmund’
 - Descendant
- ModLem edmàjd.
 
 
etsat‑a
ejl‑a
- Gloss: ‘smile’
 - Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem èxel‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem ejlà.
 
 
ev‑a
- Gloss: ‘eat’
 - Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem ev‑a
 - Descendants
 
evdj‑a
- Gloss: ‘host’
 - Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
 - Metonymy: content for container
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem eqdj‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem àvd.
 
 
ewd‑a
- Gloss: ‘table’
 - Connotations
- Temporal narrowing
 - Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem èbd‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem àwd.
 
 
ehw‑a
- Gloss: ‘horse’
 - Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem ehw‑yr
 - Descendants
 
esr‑a
esf‑a
eqt‑a
- Gloss: ‘sweetmeat’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem eqt‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem àqt.
 
 
ef‑a
- Gloss: ‘dense’
 - Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem ef‑yr
 - Descendant
- NLem ef‑xp‑a
 
 
ef‑xp‑a
y
- Gloss: ‘and’
 - Ancestor: LMLem y
 
ylas‑a
yRbw‑a
yd‑a
ydl‑a
yts‑a
ytf‑a
yphakn‑a
ypsap‑a
- Gloss: ‘belly’
 - Connotations
- Factive narrowing
 - Factive widening
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem Ìpsp‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem ypsàp.
 
 
ycv‑a
- Gloss: ‘changesubject’
 - Connotation
- Weakening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem ycwc‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem ycvà.
 
 
yz‑a
yh‑a
- Gloss: ‘scythe’
 - Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem yhh‑a
 - Descendants
 
yh‑algz‑a
yhph‑a
yhs‑a
ysr‑a
- Gloss: ‘goat’
 - Connotations
- Dative narrowing
 - Factive narrowing
 - Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem Ìassr‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem ysrà.
 
 
i‑a
iakopo‑a
- Gloss: ‘Jacopo’
 - Descendant
- ModLem iakopàk.
 
 
iote‑a
irh‑a
igjadl‑a
itarh‑a
- Gloss: ‘nickel’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Dative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem ìtàrh‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem itràh.
 
 
ihk‑a
isk‑a
ist‑a
- Gloss: ‘most’
 - Connotation
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem ist‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem àst.
 
 
o
- Gloss: ‘inclusive or’
 - Ancestor: LMLem o
 
ous‑a
- Gloss: ‘poem’
 - Connotation
- Interval: 25 × 3 = 75 -> minor third
 
 - Ancestor: Besk åus /h‑/
 - Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
 - Descendant
- ModLem oà.
 
 
olxol‑a
- Gloss: ‘giraffe’
 - Connotations
- Ending not implemented yet!
 - Local narrowing
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Factive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem òlxòl‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem olxàj.
 
 
oRw‑a
oRw‑xaf‑a
oranutan‑a
- Gloss: ‘orangutan’
 - Descendant
- ModLem oranutnà.
 
 
orw‑a
om‑a
- Gloss: ‘eleven’
 - Connotation
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem òm‑yl
 - Descendants
 
ombr‑a
- Gloss: ‘frank, blunt’
 - Connotation
- Unsupported ending! Use 1st sg for verbs.
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem òmbr‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem àwb.
 
 
odn‑a
- Gloss: ‘afternoon’
 - Connotations
- Factive narrowing
 - Softening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem òdnm‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem odnà.
 
 
ob‑a
okf‑a
otf‑a
- Gloss: ‘brave’
 - Connotations
- Factive narrowing
 - Melioration narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem òtpf‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem àtf.
 
 
ojb‑a
- Gloss: ‘disgusting’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem ogb‑yr
 - Irregularity: metonymy
 - Descendant
- ModLem àjb.
 
 
oc‑a
oxh‑a
ohr‑a
osh‑a
- Gloss: ‘sergeant’
 - Connotations
- Factive narrowing
 - Dative narrowing
 - Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem òyshs‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem oshàc.
 
 
oqelo‑a
- Gloss: ‘Othello’
 - Descendant
- ModLem oqelàq.
 
 
O
- Gloss: ‘exclusive or’
 - Ancestor: LMLem O
 
Olw‑a
- Gloss: ‘wipe’
 - Connotations
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem Ò‑lufw‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem Olwà.
 
 
On‑a
- Gloss: ‘lonely’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: place for place
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Temporal narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem Òn‑yr
 
Onkyrt‑a
- Gloss: ‘Hermes’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: OLem hönkyrt‑
 - Variant: academic loan
 - Descendant
- ModLem Onkràt.
 
 
Onkr‑a
- Gloss: ‘Mercury’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Temporal narrowing
 - Dative narrowing
 - Melioration narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem Ònkyrt‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem àxk.
 
 
Odl‑a
Ot‑a
- Gloss: ‘(solar) year’
 - Connotations
- Temporal narrowing
 - Dative narrowing
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Melioration narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem Òytkt‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem Otà.
 
 
Otx‑a
Ow‑a
Osh‑a
umpx‑a
- Gloss: ‘understand’
 - Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 - Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem umpk‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem màpx.
 
 
ujr‑a
uxtsoux‑a
- Gloss: ‘pine’
 - Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
 - Interval: 25 × 25 = 625 -> minor third
 
 - Ancestor: Besk uxtsåux /h‑/
 - Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
 - Descendant
- ModLem uxtxoà.
 
 
usor‑a
usw‑a
- Gloss: ‘enjoy’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
 - Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem usw‑a
 - Descendants
 
uf‑a
Ur‑a
- Gloss: ‘right [direction]’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy: effect/purpose for cause/motive
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem Ur‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem ràc.
 
 
l‑a
lain‑a
- Gloss: ‘elm’
 - Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
 - Interval: 11 × 3 = 33 -> minor second
 
 - Ancestor: Besk laiń
 - Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
 - Descendant
- ModLem lanà.
 
 
lanagmr‑a
- Gloss: ‘dragonfly, damselfly’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy (weakening, hardening, concretising)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Factive widening
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem langmr‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem lanàg.
 
 
labatl‑a
- Gloss: ‘car’
 - Descendant
- ModLem labàt.
 
 
le‑a
- Gloss: ‘louse’
 - Connotation
- Accusative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem lè‑yr
 
ler‑a
- Gloss: ‘lip’
 - Connotations
- Local narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem lèr‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem làc.
 
 
leng‑a
- Gloss: ‘spoon’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem lèng‑yr
 
lents‑a
- Gloss: ‘supple, flexible’
 - Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
 - Interval: 7 × 3 = 21 -> perfect fourth
 
 - Ancestor: Besk lents
 - Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
 - Descendant
- ModLem làtx.
 
 
lem‑a
- Gloss: ‘Lemizh’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
 - Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Softening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem lèmin‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem lemàc.
 
 
leb‑a
- Gloss: ‘flower’
 - Connotations
- Softening narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem lèb‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem làb.
 
 
lek‑a
- Gloss: ‘jump’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem lek‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem làk.
 
 
lepxOj‑a
- Gloss: ‘daisy’
 - Connotation
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem lèb‑xÒj‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem lepxà.
 
 
lejcO‑a
- Gloss: ‘fairy’
 - Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Temporal narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem lèxecÒ‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem lejcà.
 
 
lew‑a
- Gloss: ‘lion’
 - Connotation
- Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem lew‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem làw.
 
 
lex‑a
leqx‑a
lingj‑a
- Gloss: ‘house’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy: content for container
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem lingj‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem làj.
 
 
lint‑a
liw‑a
liq‑a
liqk‑a
loug‑a
- Gloss: ‘spoon’
 - Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
 - Interval: 49 × 25 = 1225 -> minor third
 
 - Ancestor: Besk låug
 - Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
 - Descendant
- ModLem loàg.
 
 
lorenza‑a
- Gloss: ‘Lorenza’
 - Descendant
- ModLem lorenzà.
 
 
lorw‑a
- Gloss: ‘help’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Factive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem alòrw‑yl
 - Descendant
- ModLem làcw.
 
 
loxlan‑a
- Gloss: ‘NorthAmerica’
 - Irregularity: from <span lang="sga">Lochlann</span>, a Celtic word for Scandinavia, because North America was discovered by Scandinavian people
 - Descendant
- ModLem loxlà.
 
 
loxw‑a
- Gloss: ‘temple’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem loxw‑yr
 - Descendants
 
lung‑a
lumb‑a
luw‑a
- Gloss: ‘clean’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
 - Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem lufw‑yr
 
luxh‑a
- Gloss: ‘lynx’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: content for container
 - Weakening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem luxsj‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem làxh.
 
 
lusi‑a
- Gloss: ‘Lucy’
 - Descendant
- ModLem lusà.
 
 
lufr‑a
lr‑a
- Gloss: ‘exponentiate’
 - Descendant
- ModLem lrà.
 
 
l‑mem‑a
R‑a
R‑a
Rarj‑a
Ran‑a
- Gloss: ‘goose’
 - Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem Ran‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem Ràj.
 
 
Rangz‑a
- Gloss: ‘snake’
 - Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
 - Metonymy: content for container
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Weakening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem Rangwj‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem Ràz.
 
 
Rand‑a
Randz‑a
- Gloss: ‘thrive, prosper’
 - Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem Randz‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem Ràdj.
 
 
Ranks‑a
- Gloss: ‘should’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem Rankt‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem Ràks.
 
 
Rant‑a
- Gloss: ‘shoulder’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem Rant‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem Ràxt.
 
 
Ranp‑a
- Gloss: ‘ashamed’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem Ranp‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem Ràxp.
 
 
Ranxt‑a
- Gloss: ‘duck’
 - Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem Ranxt‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem Ràxt.
 
 
Ren‑a
- Gloss: ‘monkey’
 - Connotation
- Factive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem aRen‑yr
 - Descendants
 
Reng‑a
- Gloss: ‘live’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem Reng‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem Ràjg.
 
 
Renb‑a
Reg‑a
- Gloss: ‘soul’
 - Connotations
- Softening narrowing
 - Pejorative narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem Règ‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem Ràg.
 
 
Rozw‑a
- Gloss: ‘road, street’
 - Connotation
- Pejorative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem Rozw‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem Ràzw.
 
 
Rostx‑a
- Gloss: ‘dream’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: content for container
 - Pejorative narrowing
 - Weakening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem Rostxj‑er
 - Descendant
- ModLem Ràst.
 
 
R‑usw‑a
r‑a
ram‑o
- Gloss: ‘Ramo’
 - Descendant
- ModLem ramàc.
 
 
rend‑a
- Gloss: ‘summarise’
 - Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Weakening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem licènd‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem rendà.
 
 
rentx‑a
- Gloss: ‘hope’
 - Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 - Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem rentk‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem ràtx.
 
 
remst‑a
- Gloss: ‘win’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem rè‑mizt‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem ràst.
 
 
redm‑a
- Gloss: ‘cobalt’
 - Connotations
- Softening narrowing
 - Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Dative narrowing
 - Softening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem rèdmyn‑yr
 - Descendants
 
ret‑a
- Gloss: ‘steer’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem ret‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem ràt.
 
 
reqk‑a
rink‑a
- Gloss: ‘tear, break’
 - Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem rink‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem ràxk.
 
 
roman‑a
- Gloss: ‘Roman’
 - Descendant
- ModLem romàj.
 
 
romeo‑a
- Gloss: ‘Romeo’
 - Descendant
- ModLem romeàc.
 
 
roderigo‑a
- Gloss: ‘Roderigo’
 - Descendant
- ModLem roderigàc.
 
 
rOs‑a
- Gloss: ‘frost’
 - Connotation
- Temporal narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem rÒs‑yr
 - Descendants
 
rundr‑a
runp‑a
n‑a
- Gloss: ‘not’
 - Connotation
- Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem n‑a
 - Descendants
 
naRni‑a
- Gloss: ‘Narnian’
 - Descendant
- ModLem naRnià.
 
 
nar‑a
- Gloss: ‘peace’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Dative narrowing
 - Slowing narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem Rynar‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem nrà.
 
 
nanw‑a
namr‑a
napoli‑a
- Gloss: ‘Neapolitan’
 - Descendant
- ModLem napolà.
 
 
nas‑a
neni‑a
- Gloss: ‘run’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem nènì‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem nenà.
 
 
nem‑a
- Gloss: ‘tilt’
 - Ancestor: LMLem nem‑a
 
nemb‑a
ned‑a
- Gloss: ‘magnet’
 - Connotations
- Factive narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Pejorative narrowing
 - Softening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem magnèti‑yr
 
nezadwr‑a
- Gloss: ‘become acquainted, get to know’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Local narrowing
 - Factive widening
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem nèzdwor‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem nezà.
 
 
nezd‑a
- Gloss: ‘bird’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem nezd‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem nàzd.
 
 
nexwatal‑a
- Gloss: ‘Nechwatal’
 - Descendant
- ModLem nexwaklàj.
 
 
neh‑a
- Gloss: ‘nine’
 - Connotations
- Factive narrowing
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem nèh‑yl
 - Descendant
- ModLem nàh.
 
 
nino‑a
- Gloss: ‘Nino’
 - Descendant
- ModLem ninàj.
 
 
nifton‑a
- Gloss: ‘Poseidon’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: OLem nifton‑
 - Variant: academic loan
 - Descendant
- ModLem niftnàj.
 
 
nont‑a
- Gloss: ‘beard’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Dative narrowing
 - Pejorative narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
 - Weakening narrowing
 - Slowing narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem Ryndzont‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem nàxt.
 
 
nom‑a
mal‑a
- Gloss: ‘several’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Softening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem mimal‑yl
 - Descendant
- ModLem mlà.
 
 
malanon‑a
- Gloss: ‘platypus’
 - Descendant
- ModLem malanàj.
 
 
maler‑a
- Gloss: ‘Mahler’
 - Descendant
- ModLem malàc.
 
 
maltx‑a
- Gloss: ‘melt’
 - Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
 - Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem maltk‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem mlàtx.
 
 
maljm‑a
- Gloss: ‘restrain, bind with a rope’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Pejorative narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem malngw‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem màj.
 
 
marn‑a
- Gloss: ‘beetle’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 - Melioration narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem marnk‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem marnà.
 
 
margz‑a
- Gloss: ‘tetchy’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
 - Weakening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem margjw‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem mràgz.
 
 
markuw‑a
- Gloss: ‘kangaroo’
 - Descendant
- ModLem markàw.
 
 
marw‑a
- Gloss: ‘celebrate’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Pejorative narrowing
 - Softening narrowing
 - Pejorative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem mindudarw‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem mràw.
 
 
manw‑a
- Gloss: ‘affection’
 - Connotation
- Softening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem manw‑a
 - Descendants
 
mazd‑a
mask‑a
me‑a
- Gloss: ‘make’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem mè‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem mà.
 
 
meuxes‑a
- Gloss: ‘acorn’
 - Connotations
- Nominative widening
 - Interval: 7 × 2 = 14 -> minor seventh
 
 - Ancestor: Besk mäuxäs
 - Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
 - Descendant
- ModLem meuxà.
 
 
mel‑a
- Gloss: ‘temple (region of skull)’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Softening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem mitnèl‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem melàj.
 
 
meliss‑a
- Gloss: ‘powerunit’
 - Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
 - Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
 - Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
 
 - Ancestor: Koi μέλισσ‑α
 - Variant: academic loan
 - Descendant
- ModLem melàs.
 
 
men‑a
- Gloss: ‘harbour’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Slowing narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem limèn‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem màj.
 
 
mem‑a
mem‑a
- Gloss: ‘copy’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Softening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem mèmun‑yr
 - Descendant
- NLem l‑mem‑a
 
 
meg‑a
- Gloss: ‘shipyard’
 - Connotations
- Factive narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Melioration narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem napègi‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem màg.
 
 
mec‑a
- Gloss: ‘fill’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 - Melioration narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem mec‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem màc.
 
 
mezr‑a
- Gloss: ‘fly’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem mèsur‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem màz.
 
 
mev‑a
- Gloss: ‘wise’
 - Ancestor: LMLem mev‑yr
 - Descendants
- NLem zvor‑mev‑a
 - ModLem màv.
 
 
mexk‑a
- Gloss: ‘lie’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem mèxk‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem màxk.
 
 
mes‑a
- Gloss: ‘mother’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem mès‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem mesà.
 
 
mesw‑a
- Gloss: ‘owl’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Softening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem minesw‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem màsw.
 
 
minesw‑a
- Gloss: ‘Athena’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: OLem minesw‑
 - Variant: academic loan
 - Descendant
- ModLem minà.
 
 
mind‑a
- Gloss: ‘wine’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem mind‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem màjd.
 
 
mitn‑a
mizdz‑a
- Gloss: ‘reward, payment’
 - Ancestor: LMLem mizdz‑yr
 
mih‑a
mihk‑a
mist‑a
- Gloss: ‘visit’
 - Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem mizt‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem màst.
 
 
miqk‑a
- Gloss: ‘opportunity’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem miqk‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem màqk.
 
 
miqxp‑a
- Gloss: ‘star’
 - Connotations
- Factive narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem miqxp‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem màqx.
 
 
morwj‑a
- Gloss: ‘anthill’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy: content for container
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem morwj‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem mràwj.
 
 
mowdR‑a
- Gloss: ‘waiter’
 - Connotations
- Factive narrowing
 - Weakening narrowing
 - Pejorative narrowing
 - Softening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem anbnowdlz‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem màwd.
 
 
muRkx‑a
- Gloss: ‘a mythological horse’
 - Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
 - Interval: 5 × 3 = 15 -> major seventh
 
 - Ancestor: Besk muŕkx
 - Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
 - Descendant
- ModLem mRàkh.
 
 
mur‑a
- Gloss: ‘sea’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 - Accusative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem mur‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem mrà.
 
 
mUs‑a
mlejm‑a
- Gloss: ‘thing spoken’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Dative narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Softening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem mlèxmyn‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem mlàj.
 
 
mliv‑a
- Gloss: ‘sweet’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Accusative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem miliv‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem mlàv.
 
 
mra‑a
- Gloss: ‘65536’
 - Connotations
- Instrumental narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem mUrià‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem mràj.
 
 
mraixts‑a
- Gloss: ‘paint’
 - Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
 - Interval: 11 × 3 = 33 -> minor second
 
 - Ancestor: Besk mraixts
 - Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
 - Descendant
- ModLem mraà.
 
 
garbw‑a
garxn‑a
gan‑a
- Gloss: ‘sing’
 - Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gan‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem ganà.
 
 
gabl‑a
- Gloss: ‘fork’
 - Connotation
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gabl‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem gàb.
 
 
ger‑a
- Gloss: ‘kind of garment for adults’
 - Connotation
- Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gèr‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem gràk.
 
 
ged‑a
gejm‑a
- Gloss: ‘servant’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Dative narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Softening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gèxmyn‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem gàj.
 
 
gom‑a
- Gloss: ‘outside’
 - Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gom
 - Irregularity: inflected form
 - Descendant
- ModLem gmà.
 
 
gun‑a
- Gloss: ‘corner’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gun‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem dnàk.
 
 
gundr‑a
- Gloss: ‘good’
 - Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gundr‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem gàjd.
 
 
guxl‑a
grom‑a
- Gloss: ‘(woollen) thread’
 - Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
 - Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gramm‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem gràw.
 
 
grot‑a
- Gloss: ‘carrot’
 - Connotations
- Factive narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem karòt‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem gràt.
 
 
gros‑a
- Gloss: ‘cherry’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Place for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem keras‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem grosà.
 
 
grO‑a
- Gloss: ‘difficult(y)’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Slowing narrowing
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem kurtrè‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem grà.
 
 
grOr‑a
- Gloss: ‘chicken’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Dative narrowing
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gyrter‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem gràc.
 
 
grOms‑a
- Gloss: ‘rat’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Instrumental narrowing
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Slowing narrowing
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem kurtrèmUs‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem gràws.
 
 
grUr‑a
- Gloss: ‘Dniester’
 - Connotations
- Factive narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and good
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem argUr‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem grUrà.
 
 
gnyn‑a
- Gloss: ‘offspring, seed’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Softening narrowing
 - Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem genman‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem dnàj.
 
 
gni‑a
- Gloss: ‘mortar’
 - Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
 - Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
 - Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
 - Local narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem konì‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem dnià.
 
 
gmyz‑a
- Gloss: ‘(gymnastic) school’
 - Connotations
- Instrumental narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Softening narrowing
 - Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gUmnàsi‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem gmàz.
 
 
gmin‑a
- Gloss: ‘pray, call upon’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Instrumental narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gUmin‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem gmàj.
 
 
gmim‑a
- Gloss: ‘honour’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Local narrowing
 - Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gomem‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem gmàw.
 
 
gmr‑a
- Gloss: ‘warm’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy (weakening, hardening, concretising)
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gmr‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem gmrà.
 
 
gj‑a
gjor‑a
- Gloss: ‘greet’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Accusative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gjisor‑a
 - Irregularity: syncope
 - Descendant
- ModLem gcrà.
 
 
gjnung‑a
- Gloss: ‘deceive’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Pejorative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gjingung‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem gcnàjg.
 
 
gcan‑a
- Gloss: ‘produce’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gecan‑a
 
gw‑a
- Gloss: ‘any’
 - Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gw‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem gwà.
 
 
gwal‑a
gwaln‑a
gwalp‑a
- Gloss: ‘cup’
 - Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gwalp‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem gwalpà.
 
 
gwas‑a
- Gloss: ‘cheese’
 - Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gwas‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem gwàs.
 
 
gwel‑a
gwer‑a
- Gloss: ‘knife’
 - Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gwer‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem gwrà.
 
 
gwet‑a
- Gloss: ‘teach’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gwet‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem gwàt.
 
 
gweh‑a
- Gloss: ‘trick’
 - Connotations
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 - Totum pro parte (weak whole)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gwehh‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem gwàh.
 
 
gwir‑a
- Gloss: ‘skewer, spear’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gwir‑yr
 
gwibl‑a
- Gloss: ‘healthy’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gwìbl‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem gwàb.
 
 
gwisk‑a
- Gloss: ‘careful’
 - Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gwisk‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem gwàsk.
 
 
gwiq‑a
- Gloss: ‘four’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gwiq‑yl
 - Descendant
- ModLem gwàq.
 
 
gwo‑a
- Gloss: ‘cow’
 - Connotation
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gwò‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem gwàk.
 
 
gword‑a
gwon‑a
- Gloss: ‘eager’
 - Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gwon‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem gwnà.
 
 
gwOl‑a
- Gloss: ‘neck’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Temporal narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem gwÒl‑yr
 
dal‑a
darjn‑a
- Gloss: ‘plug’
 - Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem darngj‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem dàcj.
 
 
darw‑a
- Gloss: ‘dance’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
 - Weakening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem darw‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem dràw.
 
 
dans‑a
damk‑a
- Gloss: ‘brick’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem damk‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem dmàk.
 
 
dap‑a
- Gloss: ‘flour’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem dap‑yr
 - Descendants
 
daxt‑a
- Gloss: ‘must’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem daxt‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem dàxt.
 
 
delf‑a
- Gloss: ‘brother’
 - Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
 - Factive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem adelf‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem glàf.
 
 
demt‑a
- Gloss: ‘see’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy (weakening, hardening, concretising)
 - Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem demt‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem dmàt.
 
 
devr‑a
- Gloss: ‘yellow’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
 - Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem dèqur‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem dàv.
 
 
desdemona‑a
- Gloss: ‘Desdemona’
 - Descendant
- ModLem desdemonà.
 
 
dykx‑a
- Gloss: ‘slipper’
 - Connotations
- Dative narrowing
 - Melioration narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem ydykkx‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem dàkh.
 
 
dira‑a
- Gloss: ‘tiara’
 - Connotations
- Factive narrowing
 - Factive narrowing
 - Factive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem dìarà‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem dirà.
 
 
div‑a
- Gloss: ‘bind’
 - Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem div‑a
 
dih‑a
- Gloss: ‘ten’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem dih‑yl
 - Descendant
- ModLem dàh.
 
 
disk‑a
dobe‑a
- Gloss: ‘carpet, rug’
 - Connotations
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem dòbè‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem dobà.
 
 
dO‑a
dOm‑a
- Gloss: ‘bowl’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Temporal narrowing
 - Dative narrowing
 - Softening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem dÒmyn‑yr
 
dOpf‑a
- Gloss: ‘pay’
 - Connotations
- Temporal narrowing
 - Factive narrowing
 - Melioration narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem dÒaptf‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem dàpq.
 
 
dur‑a
- Gloss: ‘wood (material)’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem dur‑yr
 - Descendants
 
dux‑a
- Gloss: ‘pull’
 - Ancestor: LMLem dux‑a
 - Descendant
- NLem dux‑vesk‑a
 
 
dux‑vesk‑a
dlost‑a
- Gloss: ‘lavender [a painter’s term for the specific hue of a valued type of lavender]’
 - Connotations
- Dative narrowing
 - Dative narrowing
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Place for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem ydlàstt‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem glàst.
 
 
dluxw‑a
- Gloss: ‘tasty > amusing’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem dluxw‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem glàxw.
 
 
dlUf‑a
- Gloss: ‘coil’
 - Connotations
- Factive narrowing
 - Means for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem adlif‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem glàf.
 
 
dro‑a
- Gloss: ‘Troy’
 - Connotation
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem drò‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem droà.
 
 
drOp‑a
- Gloss: ‘acrid, pungent’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem drep‑ir
 - Descendant
- ModLem dràp.
 
 
drul‑a
- Gloss: ‘bush’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem durul‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem drulà.
 
 
drun‑a
- Gloss: ‘citrus’
 - Connotation
- Cause/motive for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem dryn‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem dràj.
 
 
druzd‑a
- Gloss: ‘chair’
 - Connotation
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem duruzd‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem dràzd.
 
 
dn‑a
- Gloss: ‘walk’
 - Connotations
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Slowing narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem drn‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem dnà.
 
 
dnuj‑a
- Gloss: ‘Danube’
 - Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
 - Factive narrowing
 - Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem danòj‑yr
 - Descendant
- NLem dnuj‑arg‑a
 
 
dnuj‑arg‑a
- Gloss: ‘Danube’
 - Constituents: NLem dnuj‑a + arg‑a
 - Variant: clarifying compound
 - Descendant
- ModLem dnujrà.
 
 
dmyd‑a
- Gloss: ‘private, secluded space > island’
 - Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
 - Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
 - Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
 - Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem domàti‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem dmàd.
 
 
dje‑a
- Gloss: ‘day, daytime’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
 - Accusative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem djè‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem djàt.
 
 
djeipysir‑a
- Gloss: ‘Zeus’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: OLem djeipysir‑
 - Variant: academic loan
 - Descendant
- ModLem djeipysràd.
 
 
djem‑a
- Gloss: ‘idea’
 - Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
 - Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Dative narrowing
 - Softening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem djèmyn‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem djemà.
 
 
djeps‑a
- Gloss: ‘weather’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Dative narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem djèpys‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xàps.
 
 
djevf‑a
- Gloss: ‘week’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem djèqif‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem djàvf.
 
 
djmi‑a
- Gloss: ‘tongue’
 - Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
 - Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Dative narrowing
 - Pejorative narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
 - Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem dyngwè‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem djmà.
 
 
dzi‑a
dzingmesir‑a
- Gloss: ‘Gaia’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: OLem dzingmēsir‑
 - Variant: academic loan
 - Descendant
- ModLem djingmesrà.
 
 
dziskont‑a
- Gloss: ‘Kronos’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: OLem dziskont‑
 - Variant: academic loan
 - Descendant
- ModLem djistnàt.
 
 
dzokont‑a
- Gloss: ‘Saturn’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Local widening
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem dziskont‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem nàt.
 
 
dznir‑a
- Gloss: ‘nomad’
 - Connotations
- Factive narrowing
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem dwaxner‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem djnirà.
 
 
dznis‑a
- Gloss: ‘earth’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Pejorative narrowing
 - Softening narrowing
 - Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem dzingmès‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xnà.
 
 
dznum‑a
- Gloss: ‘soil’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Pejorative narrowing
 - Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem dzingom‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem djnà.
 
 
dw‑a
- Gloss: ‘move about’
 - Connotations
- Melioration narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem dw‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem dwà.
 
 
dwarn‑a
- Gloss: ‘marry’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem dwarn‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem dwàc.
 
 
dwarjm‑a
- Gloss: ‘enthusiasm’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem dwarnw‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem dwàcj.
 
 
dwant‑a
- Gloss: ‘shatter’
 - Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
 - Softening narrowing
 - Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem dwant‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem dwnàt.
 
 
dwatx‑a
dwor‑a
- Gloss: ‘pasture gate’
 - Connotation
- Weakening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem dwor‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem dwrà.
 
 
dwO‑a
dwOwr‑a
- Gloss: ‘bottle’
 - Connotation
- Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem dwÒ‑wer‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem dwàw.
 
 
dwjem‑a
- Gloss: ‘twin’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem dwijèm‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem dwjàw.
 
 
b‑a
bark‑a
babel‑a
- Gloss: ‘Babel’
 - Descendant
- ModLem bablà.
 
 
babj‑a
baj‑a
bax‑a
- Gloss: ‘Bach’
 - Descendant
- ModLem bàx.
 
 
bax‑a
bast‑a
bel‑a
- Gloss: ‘momentumunit’
 - Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
 - Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
 
 - Ancestor: Koi βέλ‑ος
 - Variant: academic loan
 - Descendant
- ModLem blàp.
 
 
ber‑a
- Gloss: ‘pepper (Piper nigrum)’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Pejorative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem bebèr‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem bràp.
 
 
bempx‑a
- Gloss: ‘hat, cone’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem bèmbik‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem dmàpx.
 
 
bil‑a
- Gloss: ‘approve’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Dative narrowing
 - Pejorative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem bybil‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem bilà.
 
 
botom‑a
- Gloss: ‘Bottom’
 - Descendant
- ModLem botmàb.
 
 
buna‑a
- Gloss: ‘coffee’
 - Descendant
- ModLem bunà.
 
 
bucam‑a
- Gloss: ‘Boojum’
 - Descendant
- ModLem bucmà.
 
 
bl‑a
- Gloss: ‘strong’
 - Connotation
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem bl‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem blà.
 
 
bleqk‑a
- Gloss: ‘parliament’
 - Connotation
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem bul‑reqk‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem blàqk.
 
 
blor‑a
- Gloss: ‘copper’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem pilor‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem blàc.
 
 
blOr‑a
- Gloss: ‘rabbit (via Elb from Iberian, see lepus)’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and good
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem leber‑yr
 
blU‑a
- Gloss: ‘(North) Africa’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and good
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem libÙ‑yr
 - Descendant
- NLem blU‑can‑a
 
 
blU‑a
- Gloss: ‘book’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Pejorative narrowing
 - Means for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem biblì‑yr
 
blUrdz‑a
- Gloss: ‘shout, curse’
 - Connotation
- Factive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem blUrdz‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem blàdj.
 
 
blU‑can‑a
- Gloss: ‘Africa’
 - Constituents: NLem blU‑a + can‑a
 - Variant: clarifying compound
 - Descendant
- ModLem blUcnà.
 
 
bRUl‑a
- Gloss: ‘iron’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Dative narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Weakening narrowing
 - Means for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem pyrzil‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem bRàj.
 
 
bmin‑a
- Gloss: ‘full’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Dative narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Slowing narrowing
 - Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem pylmen‑yr
 - Descendants
 
bw‑a
bwegjrOnt‑a
- Gloss: ‘the High One (Goddess of spring)’
 - Connotations
- Unsupported ending! Use root for verbs.
 - Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Dative narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and good
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
 - Nominative widening
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem bwyrgjent‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem bvegcrà.
 
 
bwyrgjent‑a
- Gloss: ‘Persephone’
 - Connotations
- Unsupported ending! Use root for verbs.
 - Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: OLem bwyrgjent‑
 - Variant: academic loan
 - Descendant
- ModLem bvyrgcà.
 
 
bwrOr‑a
- Gloss: ‘dress’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem perwer‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem bvràc.
 
 
bwmi‑a
- Gloss: ‘fright, shock’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Pejorative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem bwimbì‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem bvmàp.
 
 
k‑a
kalp‑a
kard‑a
- Gloss: ‘timeunit’
 - Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
 - Other possibility: r̥ > ρα
 - Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
 
 - Ancestor: Koi καρδί‑ᾱ
 - Variant: academic loan
 - Irregularity: shortened form
 - Descendant
- ModLem krà.
 
 
kart‑a
- Gloss: ‘hunt’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem kart‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem kràt.
 
 
karw‑a
- Gloss: ‘trombone’
 - Connotation
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem karw‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem kràw.
 
 
karxn‑a
karst‑a
kaml‑a
- Gloss: ‘camel’
 - Connotation
- Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem kàmel‑yr
 - Descendants
 
kat‑a
- Gloss: ‘cat’
 - Connotation
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem kàt‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem kàt.
 
 
kapulet‑a
- Gloss: ‘Capulet’
 - Descendant
- ModLem kapulàt.
 
 
kafr‑a
kafk‑a
kelt‑a
- Gloss: ‘pendulum, tail’
 - Connotation
- Factive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem kè‑alt‑ar
 - Descendants
 
kerd‑a
kem‑a
kejgj‑a
kexk‑a
- Gloss: ‘regret’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem kèxk‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem kàxk.
 
 
kolibr‑a
- Gloss: ‘hummingbird’
 - Irregularity: from a Caribbean language
 - Descendant
- ModLem kolàb.
 
 
koRj‑a
- Gloss: ‘(coil of) wire’
 - Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
 - Interval: 2 × 3 = 6 -> perfect fifth
 - Local narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: Besk koŕy
 - Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
 - Descendant
- ModLem kRàj.
 
 
korj‑a
kon‑a
- Gloss: ‘powder’
 - Connotation
- Accusative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem kòni‑yr
 
koxl‑a
- Gloss: ‘speedunit’
 - Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
 - Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
 - Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
 
 - Ancestor: Koi κόχλ‑ος
 - Variant: academic loan
 - Descendant
- ModLem kàx.
 
 
kubr‑a
- Gloss: ‘ibex’
 - Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
 - Interval: 5 × 3 = 15 -> major seventh
 
 - Ancestor: Besk kubr
 - Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
 - Descendant
- ModLem kubrà.
 
 
kuk‑a
- Gloss: ‘cuckoo’
 - Connotation
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem kuk‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem kukà.
 
 
kuxw‑a
- Gloss: ‘tuber’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem kuxw‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem kàxw.
 
 
kust‑a
- Gloss: ‘weep’
 - Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem kuzt‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem kàst.
 
 
kUbr‑a
- Gloss: ‘paper’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem kÙper‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem kàb.
 
 
kUkl‑a
- Gloss: ‘wheel’
 - Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
 - Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
 - Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem kÙkl‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem kàk.
 
 
kront‑a
- Gloss: ‘nimble’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Dative narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
 - Place for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem yrkant‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem kràxt.
 
 
krobl‑a
- Gloss: ‘castle, stronghold; crab’
 - Connotations
- Factive narrowing
 - Local narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Accusative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem akròpoli‑yr
 - Descendants
 
krO‑a
- Gloss: ‘blood (outside the body)’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem krè‑yr
 
krOgwn‑a
- Gloss: ‘mad’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Local narrowing
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem krègwon‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem kràgw.
 
 
krut‑a
- Gloss: ‘lyre’
 - Connotation
- Melioration narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem krutt‑yr
 
krUxr‑a
- Gloss: ‘scratch’
 - Connotations
- Instrumental narrowing
 - Means for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem krixr‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem kràx.
 
 
kn‑a
- Gloss: ‘separate [tr.]’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Slowing narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem krn‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem tnà.
 
 
kni‑a
- Gloss: ‘nut’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem knè‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem tnà.
 
 
knuR‑a
- Gloss: ‘nape’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem knoR‑yr
 
kxin‑a
- Gloss: ‘sing’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 - Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
 - Interval: 5 × 4 = 20 -> major third
 
 - Ancestor: Besk kxin
 - Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
 - Descendant
- ModLem khnà.
 
 
kxol‑a
- Gloss: ‘lace’
 - Connotation
- Interval: 2 × 3 = 6 -> perfect fifth
 
 - Ancestor: Besk kxoł
 - Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
 - Descendant
- ModLem khlà.
 
 
kxreint‑a
- Gloss: ‘kind of song sung by guests at banquets’
 - Connotation
- Interval: 2 × 11 = 22 -> tritone
 
 - Ancestor: Besk kxreint
 - Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
 - Descendant
- ModLem khrenà.
 
 
kxrobj‑a
- Gloss: ‘fir’
 - Connotation
- Interval: 3 × 3 = 9 -> major second
 
 - Ancestor: Besk kxråby
 - Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
 - Descendant
- ModLem khrà.
 
 
kxnU‑a
- Gloss: ‘gosling’
 - Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 - Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Temporal narrowing
 - Dative narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 - Metonymy: time for means (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem kxynÒ‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem khnà.
 
 
kxwar‑a
- Gloss: ‘faeces’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem kuxwar‑yr
 - Descendant
- NLem kxwar‑n‑a
 
 
kxwar‑n‑a
- Gloss: ‘unreliable, reckless, devil-may-care’
 - Constituents: NLem kxwar‑a + n‑a
 - Variant: compound
 - Descendants
 
khev‑a
- Gloss: ‘evident’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
 - Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem kehev‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem khàv.
 
 
ksef‑a
- Gloss: ‘shadow, shade’
 - Connotation
- Weakening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem ksef‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem ksàf.
 
 
ksr‑a
ksmyn‑a
- Gloss: ‘tail’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 - Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem kesman‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem ksmàj.
 
 
ksmUs‑a
- Gloss: ‘squirrel’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem kesmUs‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem ksmàs.
 
 
ksfel‑a
- Gloss: ‘clock, watch’
 - Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem ksefel‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem ksfelà.
 
 
kfus‑a
- Gloss: ‘imagine’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Dative narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem kyfus‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem kfusà.
 
 
kfror‑a
- Gloss: ‘important’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
 - Place for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem kfrar‑yr
 - Descendants
 
kfrOnd‑a
- Gloss: ‘claim’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem kfrend‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem kfràjd.
 
 
t‑a
taln‑a
- Gloss: ‘sell’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 - Melioration narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem talnk‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem djà.
 
 
talp‑a
talf‑a
- Gloss: ‘picture’
 - Connotation
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
 
 - Ancestor: Besk tełf
 - Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
 - Descendant
- ModLem klàf.
 
 
tar‑a
tart‑a
- Gloss: ‘ash’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem tart‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem tràt.
 
 
tarsn‑a
- Gloss: ‘land’
 - Connotation
- Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem tarns‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem tàcs.
 
 
tarfk‑a
tank‑a
- Gloss: ‘bone’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem tank‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem tnàk.
 
 
tam‑a
- Gloss: ‘(unpleasant) surprise’
 - Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
 - Softening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem tamn‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem tmà.
 
 
tamgu‑a
- Gloss: ‘tango’
 - Descendant
- ModLem tamgà.
 
 
taj‑a
teR‑a
- Gloss: ‘touch (intentionally), grasp’
 - Connotation
- Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem tèR‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem kRà.
 
 
tek‑a
- Gloss: ‘grasp’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem tek‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem tàk.
 
 
tet‑a
- Gloss: ‘people, tribe’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem tèt‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem tàt.
 
 
tex‑a
texn‑a
- Gloss: ‘art’
 - Connotation
- Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem tèxn‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem tàx.
 
 
teqk‑a
tykf‑a
- Gloss: ‘academic’
 - Connotations
- Local narrowing
 - Melioration narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem otykpf‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem tàkf.
 
 
tyxt‑a
tiar‑a
- Gloss: ‘tiara’
 - Connotation
- South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
 
 - Ancestor: Koi τιᾱ́ρ‑ᾱ
 - Variant: academic loan
 - Descendant
- ModLem tirà.
 
 
tir‑a
toRq‑a
- Gloss: ‘tone’
 - Connotation
- Interval: 2 × 3 = 6 -> perfect fifth
 
 - Ancestor: Besk toŕt
 - Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
 - Irregularity: irregular development
 - Descendant
- ModLem kRàq.
 
 
tondw‑a
- Gloss: ‘captain’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem etondb‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem tnàdw.
 
 
tUp‑a
- Gloss: ‘assume’
 - Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
 - Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
 - Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem tÙp‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem tàp.
 
 
tUx‑a
- Gloss: ‘chance, luck’
 - Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
 - Cohyponymic transfer: obscure for familiar thing (pejorative)
 - Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
 - Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem tÙx‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem tUxà.
 
 
tlOn‑a
- Gloss: ‘endure, pluck up courage’
 - Connotation
- Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem tlèn‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem klàj.
 
 
tRens‑a
- Gloss: ‘Trance’
 - Descendant
- ModLem kRensà.
 
 
trom‑a
- Gloss: ‘witch’
 - Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
 - Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
 - Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Place for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem tràmi‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem tràw.
 
 
troxk‑a
- Gloss: ‘beaver’
 - Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem troxk‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem tràxk.
 
 
trO‑a
- Gloss: ‘three’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem trè‑yl
 - Descendant
- ModLem trà.
 
 
trUgj‑a
- Gloss: ‘music’
 - Connotations
- Means for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem trigj‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem tràgc.
 
 
txubl‑a
- Gloss: ‘tunnel’
 - Connotation
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem txubl‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem txàb.
 
 
txusk‑a
- Gloss: ‘loud’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem txutk‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem txàsk.
 
 
tha‑a
- Gloss: ‘black tea’
 - Descendant
- ModLem txà.
 
 
tsatxaf‑a
- Gloss: ‘quicksilver’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Factive widening
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem etstxaf‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem txatxàf.
 
 
tsetlOw‑a
- Gloss: ‘ivory’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Factive narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Nominative widening
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem etst‑elèfa‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem txeklàw.
 
 
tsoixe‑a
- Gloss: ‘expert’
 - Connotations
- Nominative widening
 - Interval: 25 × 3 = 75 -> minor third
 
 - Ancestor: NLem tsoixe‑soux‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem txoixà.
 
 
tsoixe‑soux‑a
- Gloss: ‘chef’
 - Connotations
- Nominative widening
 - Interval: 25 × 3 = 75 -> minor third
 
 - Ancestor: NLem tsoixesoux‑a
 - Irregularity: reanalysis
 - Descendants
 
tsoixesoux‑a
- Gloss: ‘chef’
 - Connotations
- Nominative widening
 - Interval: 25 × 3 = 75 -> minor third
 
 - Ancestor: Besk tsoixäsåux
 - Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
 - Descendant
- NLem tsoixe‑soux‑a
 
 
tfydR‑a
- Gloss: ‘forest’
 - Connotations
- Dative narrowing
 - Weakening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem ytfydlz‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem tfàd.
 
 
palw‑a
- Gloss: ‘float’
 - Ancestor: LMLem palw‑a
 
park‑a
- Gloss: ‘request’
 - Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
 - Melioration narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem park‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem pràk.
 
 
part‑a
- Gloss: ‘barely succeed’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem part‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem pràt.
 
 
parsatx‑a
- Gloss: ‘basket’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: content for container
 - Factive widening
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem parstx‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem parsàtx.
 
 
pan‑a
pangj‑a
- Gloss: ‘terrible’
 - Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Metonymy: content for container
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Pejorative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem pangdj‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem pnàgc.
 
 
pet‑a
- Gloss: ‘correct’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem pet‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem pàt.
 
 
pevr‑a
- Gloss: ‘lark’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
 - Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem pèqur‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem pevrà.
 
 
pevn‑a
- Gloss: ‘straight’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Local narrowing
 - Melioration narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem pèvont‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem pàv.
 
 
pewl‑a
- Gloss: ‘fold’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
 - Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem pèfil‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem pàw.
 
 
pex‑a
pesk‑a
- Gloss: ‘fish’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem pèsk‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem pàsk.
 
 
pylk‑a
- Gloss: ‘unlock’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem pylk‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem plàk.
 
 
pi‑a
pin‑a
- Gloss: ‘five’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Pejorative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem pin‑yl
 - Descendant
- ModLem pnà.
 
 
pibc‑a
- Gloss: ‘poison’
 - Connotations
- Factive narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Pejorative narrowing
 - Pejorative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem pìp‑abgc‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem pàbc.
 
 
pisk‑a
- Gloss: ‘crush’
 - Ancestor: LMLem pisk‑a
 
pif‑a
- Gloss: ‘move (purposefully)’
 - Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem pif‑a
 - Descendants
 
pif‑en‑a
pifn‑a
pif‑prO‑a
pif‑fo‑a
pol‑a
- Gloss: ‘city’
 - Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
 - Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
 - Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
 - Accusative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem pòli‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem plà.
 
 
podaRugn‑a
- Gloss: ‘timpani’
 - Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
 - Interval: 5 × 3 = 15 -> major seventh
 
 - Ancestor: Besk podaŕugn
 - Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
 - Descendant
- ModLem podaRàg.
 
 
pOz‑a
pUrg‑a
plOm‑a
- Gloss: ‘blow’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem plèm‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem plàw.
 
 
plOvgc‑a
- Gloss: ‘mould’
 - Connotations
- Instrumental narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem pleqkc‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem plàvg.
 
 
plOqk‑a
- Gloss: ‘foul air, airborne disease’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem pleqk‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem plOqkàj.
 
 
plUp‑a
- Gloss: ‘scorpion’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Local narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
 - Means for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem olpìp‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem plUpà.
 
 
prigounts‑a
- Gloss: ‘fine art’
 - Connotations
- Unsupported ending! Use root for verbs.
 - Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
 - Interval: 5 × 121 = 605 -> minor third
 
 - Ancestor: Besk prigåunts
 - Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
 - Descendant
- ModLem prigonàtx.
 
 
proxekx‑a
- Gloss: ‘badger’
 - Connotations
- Nominative widening
 - Interval: 3 × 3 = 9 -> major second
 
 - Ancestor: Besk pråxäkx
 - Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
 - Descendants
 
prO‑a
- Gloss: ‘front’
 - Connotation
- Temporal narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem prÒ
 - Irregularity: inflected form
 - Descendants
 
prunt‑a
prUn‑a
- Gloss: ‘beautiful’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Means for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem prìn‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem pràj.
 
 
pxloj‑a
- Gloss: ‘plain, flat’
 - Connotations
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Factive narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and weak
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem palxòj‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem pxlàj.
 
 
pser‑a
- Gloss: ‘father’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Dative narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem pyser‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem psràb.
 
 
psUx‑a
- Gloss: ‘psyche’
 - Connotation
- South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem psUx‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem psàx.
 
 
pslO‑a
- Gloss: ‘lord, chief’
 - Connotations
- Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
 - Factive narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem basilè‑ar
 
pslU‑a
- Gloss: ‘scissors’
 - Connotations
- Factive narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 - Means for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem psalì‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem pslà.
 
 
psronk‑a
- Gloss: ‘froth’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and weak
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 - Place for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem prusank‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem psràxk.
 
 
pqxar‑a
- Gloss: ‘fantasy’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem piqxar‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem pqxarà.
 
 
pfeht‑a
- Gloss: ‘number’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Temporal narrowing
 - Melioration narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem Opfèhtt‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem pqàht.
 
 
pfi‑a
- Gloss: ‘angry’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem pifì‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem pqàb.
 
 
pfouf‑a
- Gloss: ‘cook’
 - Connotation
- Interval: 7 × 11 = 77 -> minor third
 
 - Ancestor: Besk pfåuf‑m
 - Descendant
- ModLem pqoà.
 
 
j‑a
jawar‑a
- Gloss: ‘jaguar’
 - Descendant
- ModLem jawrà.
 
 
jenj‑a
jem‑a
- Gloss: ‘ice’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
 - Pejorative narrowing
 - Local narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem jèm‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem jmàx.
 
 
jek‑a
- Gloss: ‘mouth’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem jek‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem jàk.
 
 
jet‑a
- Gloss: ‘name’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem jèt‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem jàt.
 
 
jexe‑a
- Gloss: ‘bake’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem jèxè‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem jexà.
 
 
jexw‑a
- Gloss: ‘bile’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem jèxw‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem jàxw.
 
 
jesl‑a
jeskx‑a
- Gloss: ‘beer’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Factive narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem jèsakx‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem jàsk.
 
 
jingj‑a
joRkx‑a
- Gloss: ‘roe deer’
 - Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
 - Interval: 3 × 3 = 9 -> major second
 
 - Ancestor: Besk yåŕkx
 - Variant: [‘big’ part of speech]
 
jork‑a
joksror‑a
- Gloss: ‘Bear-Lady’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Dative narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and weak
 - Local widening
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xyrtksor‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem joksràc.
 
 
jUr‑a
- Gloss: ‘worm’
 - Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem jUr‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem jrà.
 
 
jlo‑a
- Gloss: ‘Greece’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Slowing narrowing
 - Place for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xellà‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem jloà.
 
 
jlUs‑a
- Gloss: ‘alder’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Dative narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Means for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xylis‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem jlàs.
 
 
jmunt‑a
- Gloss: ‘window’
 - Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Pejorative narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
 - Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
 - Weakening narrowing
 - Slowing narrowing
 - Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem lingjwont‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem jmàxt.
 
 
jmUs‑a
- Gloss: ‘door’
 - Connotations
- Temporal narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Pejorative narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
 - Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and weak
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Slowing narrowing
 - Metonymy: time for means (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem lingjfÒs‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem jmàs.
 
 
jmRas‑a
- Gloss: ‘tired’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
 - Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem neRwas‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem jmRàs.
 
 
jbot‑a
- Gloss: ‘vote’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem kibot‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem jbàt.
 
 
jvelO‑a
- Gloss: ‘chess’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Instrumental narrowing
 - Factive narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xwasèlÒ‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem jvelà.
 
 
jhen‑a
- Gloss: ‘machine’
 - Connotations
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xuxsen‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem jhàj.
 
 
jsoj‑a
- Gloss: ‘island > jail’
 - Connotations
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Factive narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xafxòj‑yr
 - Descendants
- NLem jsoj‑star‑a
 - ModLem jsàj.
 
 
jsoj‑star‑a
jsti‑a
- Gloss: ‘sail’
 - Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
 - Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xistì‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem jstà.
 
 
jfOxw‑a
- Gloss: ‘evil’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Temporal narrowing
 - Dative narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xyfÒxw‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem jfàxw.
 
 
cargj‑a
- Gloss: ‘drag, pull’
 - Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
 - Totum pro parte (strong whole)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem cargj‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem cràgc.
 
 
carw‑a
- Gloss: ‘law’
 - Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
 - Totum pro parte (strong whole)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem carw‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem cràw.
 
 
can‑a
- Gloss: ‘complete, all’
 - Connotations
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Pejorative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem can‑yr
 - Descendants
 
candz‑a
- Gloss: ‘spicy, hot’
 - Connotations
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem candz‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem cnàdj.
 
 
cank‑a
- Gloss: ‘swim’
 - Connotations
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
 - Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem cank‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem cnàk.
 
 
canxw‑a
- Gloss: ‘dust’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
 - Pejorative narrowing
 - Totum pro parte (strong whole)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem canxw‑yr
 - Descendants
 
cambr‑a
- Gloss: ‘1/6’
 - Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
 - Totum pro parte (strong whole)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem cambr‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem càwb.
 
 
cambw‑a
- Gloss: ‘hurt’
 - Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
 - Totum pro parte (strong whole)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem cambw‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem cmàbv.
 
 
camk‑a
- Gloss: ‘hand’
 - Connotations
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
 - Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem camk‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem cmàk.
 
 
cO‑a
- Gloss: ‘human’
 - Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
 - Temporal narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem ecÒ‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem cOàc.
 
 
cOnzd‑a
- Gloss: ‘feather’
 - Connotation
- Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem cÒ‑nezd‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem cnàzd.
 
 
cOx‑a
- Gloss: ‘field’
 - Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
 - Totum pro parte (strong whole)
 - Temporal narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem cÒx‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem càx.
 
 
cOhw‑a
cOhfkat‑a
- Gloss: ‘electricity’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem cÒehw‑kàt‑Ur
 - Descendant
- ModLem cOhfkàt.
 
 
cUr‑a
- Gloss: ‘underworldly’
 - Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
 - Totum pro parte (strong whole)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem cUr‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem crà.
 
 
cUnw‑a
- Gloss: ‘child’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
 - Totum pro parte (weak whole)
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem cUnw‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem cnà.
 
 
crumbw‑a
- Gloss: ‘2/6’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
 - Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
 - Melioration narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem crumbw‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem crà.
 
 
cgjir‑a
- Gloss: ‘hedgehog’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Totum pro parte (weak whole)
 - Instrumental narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem hUgjir‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem cgàc.
 
 
zaraquhtr‑a
- Gloss: ‘Zarathustra’
 - Ancestor: OLem zarathushtr‑
 - Variant: academic loan
 - Descendant
- ModLem zaraqàht.
 
 
zing‑a
- Gloss: ‘deform’
 - Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
 - Totum pro parte (strong whole)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem zing‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem znàg.
 
 
zOm‑a
- Gloss: ‘lookAfter’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Temporal narrowing
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Dative narrowing
 - Softening narrowing
 - Weakening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem suzÒmyn‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem zmà.
 
 
zOmxt‑a
- Gloss: ‘guide’
 - Connotations
- Temporal narrowing
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem zÒmuxt‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem zmàxt.
 
 
zrOn‑a
- Gloss: ‘mermaid’
 - Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
 - Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
 - Factive narrowing
 - Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem serèn‑yr
 - Descendants
 
zmyn‑a
- Gloss: ‘stone’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Weakening narrowing
 - Slowing narrowing
 - Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem slicman‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem zmàj.
 
 
zmi‑a
- Gloss: ‘hail’
 - Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
 - Proto-Indo-European > South Hellenic not finished yet!
 - Other possibility: thy > ττ
 - South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem semè‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem zmàs.
 
 
zmingw‑a
- Gloss: ‘nightshade’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
 - Weakening narrowing
 - Slowing narrowing
 - Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem frenk‑vengw‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem zmàw.
 
 
zmisk‑a
- Gloss: ‘shark’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Slowing narrowing
 - Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem fxurmpèsk‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem zmàsk.
 
 
zgank‑a
- Gloss: ‘louse’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 - Pejorative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem zgdank‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem zdnàk.
 
 
zgwal‑a
- Gloss: ‘boat’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem sgwal‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem zgwàj.
 
 
zd‑a
zdor‑a
- Gloss: ‘silverpoint, leadpoint’
 - Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
 - Proto-Indo-European > South Hellenic not finished yet!
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem zdòr‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem zdrà.
 
 
zvor‑a
- Gloss: ‘friend’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem swisor‑yr
 - Descendants
- NLem zvor‑mev‑a
 - ModLem zvàc.
 
 
zvor‑mev‑a
zvur‑a
- Gloss: ‘son-in-law’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem swihur‑yr
 
zwlor‑a
- Gloss: ‘sulfur’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem swilor‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem zwlàc.
 
 
ver‑a
- Gloss: ‘bind, tie’
 - Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
 - Totum pro parte (strong whole)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem ver‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem vrà.
 
 
vengw‑a
- Gloss: ‘burn, fire’
 - Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
 - Totum pro parte (strong whole)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem vengw‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem vnà.
 
 
vembw‑a
- Gloss: ‘be astonished’
 - Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
 - Totum pro parte (strong whole)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem vembw‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem vmàbv.
 
 
vesk‑a
- Gloss: ‘err’
 - Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
 - Totum pro parte (strong whole)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem vesk‑a
 - Descendants
- NLem dux‑vesk‑a
 - ModLem vàsk.
 
 
vi‑a
- Gloss: ‘choose’
 - Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
 - Totum pro parte (strong whole)
 - Accusative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem vì‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem vàq.
 
 
vibwr‑a
- Gloss: ‘fascinate’
 - Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
 - Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Totum pro parte (strong whole)
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Dative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem vìbwyr‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem vàbv.
 
 
vont‑a
vmin‑a
- Gloss: ‘agaric’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Dative narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Weakening narrowing
 - Slowing narrowing
 - Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem swylmen‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem vmàj.
 
 
vmlev‑a
- Gloss: ‘bear’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
 - Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem milivev‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem vmlàv.
 
 
vxozd‑a
- Gloss: ‘hotel’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Local narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem voxozd‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem vxàzd.
 
 
walg‑a
war‑a
wargr‑a
wardz‑a
warks‑a
- Gloss: ‘wait’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 - Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem warkt‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem wràks.
 
 
warzn‑a
- Gloss: ‘rice’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Pejorative narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem warndz‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem wàcz.
 
 
warw‑a
- Gloss: ‘free’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem warw‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem wràw.
 
 
wagw‑a
- Gloss: ‘dog’
 - Connotation
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem wagw‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem wàgw.
 
 
we‑a
- Gloss: ‘miss’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: itself for act
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem wè‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem wàf.
 
 
welgj‑a
weR‑a
- Gloss: ‘hazel’
 - Connotations
- Pejorative narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem wèR‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem weRà.
 
 
weRdo‑a
- Gloss: ‘branch’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem wèRdò‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem weRdà.
 
 
wer‑a
wergj‑a
wert‑a
- Gloss: ‘word’
 - Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem wert‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem wràt.
 
 
wemabwr‑a
- Gloss: ‘dam’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
 - Pejorative narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
 - Factive widening
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem wembrw‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem wemà.
 
 
wemb‑a
weth‑a
wevm‑a
- Gloss: ‘disassemble, separate > decide’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
 - Pejorative narrowing
 - Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Dative narrowing
 - Softening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem wèvmyn‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem wàv.
 
 
wehs‑a
- Gloss: ‘meteor’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem wèhs‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem wàhs.
 
 
wesp‑a
- Gloss: ‘bread’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Factive narrowing
 - Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
 - Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem wèdap‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem wàsp.
 
 
wirxf‑a
- Gloss: ‘flow’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Factive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem wìrxaf‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem wràxf.
 
 
wind‑a
wimbr‑a
wib‑a
- Gloss: ‘net’
 - Connotations
- Softening narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem wìb‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem wàb.
 
 
wipsr‑a
- Gloss: ‘spider’
 - Connotations
- Softening narrowing
 - Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem wìbsur‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem wàps.
 
 
wix‑a
wiqk‑a
- Gloss: ‘sway’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem wiqk‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem wàqk.
 
 
woR‑a
wUxp‑a
wlot‑a
- Gloss: ‘guard, record’
 - Connotations
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Place for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem fulat‑a
 - Descendants
 
wror‑a
- Gloss: ‘tree’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem furor‑yr
 
wron‑a
- Gloss: ‘dare’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem furon‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem wràj.
 
 
wronk‑a
wrOn‑a
- Gloss: ‘metaphor’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem wer‑en‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem wrOnà.
 
 
wmU‑a
- Gloss: ‘winter coat; cover’
 - Connotations
- Temporal narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Slowing narrowing
 - Metonymy: time for means (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem wermÒ‑yr
 - Descendants
 
wdrogn‑a
- Gloss: ‘fight’
 - Connotations
- Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
 - Local narrowing
 - Factive narrowing
 - Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
 - Place for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem bodaragn‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem wdràg.
 
 
wzar‑a
- Gloss: ‘rain’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem wuzar‑yr
 - Descendants
 
wzar‑k‑a
wxung‑a
- Gloss: ‘promise’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem wixung‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem wxàjg.
 
 
wsar‑a
- Gloss: ‘spring’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem wusar‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem wsàc.
 
 
xaOl‑a
- Gloss: ‘apple’
 - Connotations
- Dative narrowing
 - Temporal narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xàÒl‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xalà.
 
 
xal‑a
xal‑ev‑a
xalj‑a
xar‑a
- Gloss: ‘month’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Weakening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem jixar‑yr
 - Descendant
- NLem xar‑ihk‑a
 
 
xar‑ihk‑a
- Gloss: ‘month’
 - Constituents: NLem xar‑a + ihk‑a
 - Variant: clarifying compound
 - Descendant
- ModLem xaràhk.
 
 
xargr‑a
xartx‑a
- Gloss: ‘fear’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xartk‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xràtx.
 
 
xarp‑a
- Gloss: ‘hook’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xarp‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xràp.
 
 
xarpU‑a
xak‑a
- Gloss: ‘point’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xak‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xàk.
 
 
xaj‑a
- Gloss: ‘waterfowl’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: content for container
 - Dative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xàj‑yr
 
xajR‑a
- Gloss: ‘crane’
 - Connotations
- Factive narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
 - Weakening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xàj‑Rarj‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xajRà.
 
 
xajgn‑a
- Gloss: ‘whooper swan (<i>Cygnus cygnus</i>)’
 - Connotation
- Factive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xàj‑gan‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xàjg.
 
 
xaxpfi‑a
- Gloss: ‘mute swan (<i>Cygnus olor</i>)’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xàj‑pifì‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xaxpqà.
 
 
xaxs‑a
xaf‑a
xer‑a
- Gloss: ‘profession’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: itself for act
 - Factive narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xèr‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem xràj.
 
 
xer‑a
- Gloss: ‘lengthunit’
 - Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
 - Cohyponymic transfer: obscure for familiar thing (pejorative)
 - Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
 - Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
 
 - Ancestor: Koi χείρ
 - Variant: academic loan
 - Descendant
- ModLem xrà.
 
 
xepOz‑a
- Gloss: ‘root’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Temporal narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xèpÒz‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xepàz.
 
 
xez‑a
- Gloss: ‘breathe’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: itself for act
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xèz‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem xàz.
 
 
xesk‑a
- Gloss: ‘search’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xesk‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem xàsk.
 
 
xyrtksor‑a
- Gloss: ‘Artemis’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: OLem xyrtksor‑
 - Variant: academic loan
 - Descendant
- ModLem xyrtksà.
 
 
xic‑a
xo‑a
xont‑a
- Gloss: ‘breeze’
 - Connotations
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Weakening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xuxont‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem xnàt.
 
 
xoj‑a
- Gloss: ‘grass(land)’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: content for container
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xòj‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xàj.
 
 
xojqt‑a
- Gloss: ‘mountain’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xòjfust‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xàjq.
 
 
xO‑a
xOdn‑a
- Gloss: ‘hare’
 - Connotations
- Instrumental narrowing
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Slowing narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xÒdrn‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xàd.
 
 
xuR‑a
xUl‑a
- Gloss: ‘wool’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xÙel‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xlà.
 
 
xURbw‑a
- Gloss: ‘strong breeze’
 - Connotation
- Dative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xÙRbw‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xRàbv.
 
 
xUbw‑a
xUxr‑a
xUxter‑a
xUxp‑a
xrOm‑a
- Gloss: ‘wolf’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xrem‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xràw.
 
 
xnir‑a
- Gloss: ‘man’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xner‑yr
 
xnir‑a
- Gloss: ‘wife’s brother’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Weakening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem jinxter‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xnrà.
 
 
xmylg‑a
- Gloss: ‘milk’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xmalg‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem xmlàg.
 
 
xmun‑a
- Gloss: ‘Uranus’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem nefton‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xmàj.
 
 
xmus‑a
- Gloss: ‘baby’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
 - Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem nefos‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xmàs.
 
 
xklon‑a
- Gloss: ‘soap’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Totum pro parte (weak whole)
 - South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
 - Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xilkòn‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xklàj.
 
 
xt‑a
- Gloss: ‘dig’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 - Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem kt‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem xtàj.
 
 
xter‑a
- Gloss: ‘planet’
 - Connotation
- Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xter‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xtràj.
 
 
xtO‑a
- Gloss: ‘eight’
 - Connotations
- Local narrowing
 - Instrumental narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xtÒ‑yl
 - Descendant
- ModLem xtà.
 
 
xtrO‑a
- Gloss: ‘reside’
 - Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem uxtrè‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xtrà.
 
 
xp‑a
xpif‑a
- Gloss: ‘people’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Instrumental narrowing
 - Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem jUpìf‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xpàf.
 
 
xpodm‑a
- Gloss: ‘shoe’
 - Connotations
- Instrumental narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xUpòdem‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xpàd.
 
 
xprol‑a
- Gloss: ‘hyperbola’
 - Connotations
- Instrumental narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and good
 - Pejorative narrowing
 - Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xUperbol‑yr
 - Descendants
 
xwyx‑a
- Gloss: ‘pastime, hobby’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: effect/purpose for cause/motive
 - Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Instrumental narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem xwyx‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xwà.
 
 
xsor‑a
- Gloss: ‘Venus’
 - Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem uxsor‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xsrà.
 
 
xfaftf‑a
- Gloss: ‘manganese’
 - Connotations
- Dative narrowing
 - Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem yxxfaftf‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem xfàft.
 
 
halg‑a
- Gloss: ‘wall’
 - Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem halg‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem hlàg.
 
 
harn‑a
- Gloss: ‘clean’
 - Connotations
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
 - Melioration narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem harnk‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem hàc.
 
 
hark‑a
harw‑a
- Gloss: ‘work/go smoothly’
 - Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem harw‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem hràw.
 
 
haba‑a
- Gloss: ‘Shabar’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Factive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem hàbà‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem habà.
 
 
hahs‑a
- Gloss: ‘power’
 - Connotations
- Temporal narrowing
 - Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem Ohahss‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem hàhs.
 
 
hel‑a
- Gloss: ‘salt’
 - Connotations
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem hèl‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem hlà.
 
 
hemys‑a
- Gloss: ‘Seamus’
 - Descendant
- ModLem hemàs.
 
 
hit‑a
hur‑a
- Gloss: ‘yelp’
 - Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem hur‑a
 - Descendants
 
hnunt‑a
- Gloss: ‘healer (one mixing potions)’
 - Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem mihkont‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem hnàxt.
 
 
hketm‑a
- Gloss: ‘autumn’
 - Connotations
- Temporal narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem ihkètm‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem hkàt.
 
 
htir‑a
- Gloss: ‘jounger sibling’
 - Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
 - Pejorative narrowing
 - Metonymy: effect/purpose for cause/motive
 - Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Totum pro parte (strong whole)
 - Instrumental narrowing
 - Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem cUtir‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem htrà.
 
 
hzOdn‑a
- Gloss: ‘donkey’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Slowing narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem ehw‑xÒdrn‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem hzàd.
 
 
salpn‑a
- Gloss: ‘trumpet’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Melioration narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem sàlpink‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem saxàf.
 
 
sarx‑a
sasp‑a
- Gloss: ‘minister’
 - Connotations
- Dative narrowing
 - Temporal narrowing
 - Melioration narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem Osàspt‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem sàsp.
 
 
selen‑a
sem‑a
si‑a
- Gloss: ‘Anatolia, Asia’
 - Connotation
- Factive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem asì‑yr
 
soux‑a
- Gloss: ‘cook’
 - Connotations
- Nominative widening
 - Interval: 25 × 3 = 75 -> minor third
 
 - Ancestor: NLem tsoixe‑soux‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem soàx.
 
 
susan‑a
- Gloss: ‘Susan’
 - Descendant
- ModLem susnà.
 
 
slUc‑a
- Gloss: ‘butter’
 - Connotation
- Means for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem slic‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem slàc.
 
 
sr‑a
sreq‑a
- Gloss: ‘queue’
 - Descendant
- ModLem sràq.
 
 
srO‑a
- Gloss: ‘rot’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
 - Metonymy: itself for act
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem srè‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem srà.
 
 
srOn‑a
- Gloss: ‘male’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Dative narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and weak
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem yrsen‑yr
 
srOn‑a
- Gloss: ‘drone (male bee or wasp)’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem srèn‑yr
 
sruwdl‑a
- Gloss: ‘adequate, functional’
 - Connotations
- Dative narrowing
 - Weakening narrowing
 - Cause/motive for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem ysrywwdl‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem sràwd.
 
 
srU‑a
- Gloss: ‘play a rule-governed game’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Means for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem srì‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem srUà.
 
 
srUmb‑a
- Gloss: ‘push’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Means for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem srimb‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem sràwb.
 
 
snark‑a
- Gloss: ‘Snark’
 - Descendant
- ModLem snràk.
 
 
snyrk‑a
- Gloss: ‘knot’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem snark‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem snràk.
 
 
sningw‑a
- Gloss: ‘snow’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
 - Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem snengw‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem snàw.
 
 
sniq‑a
- Gloss: ‘adder; bite’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem snèq‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem snàq.
 
 
snus‑a
smyrsk‑a
- Gloss: ‘cabinet’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem smarsk‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem smràsk.
 
 
smyn‑a
- Gloss: ‘remember’
 - Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
 - Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem musan‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem smàj.
 
 
smir‑a
- Gloss: ‘function’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem smer‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem smrà.
 
 
smiv‑a
- Gloss: ‘lick’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: message for sender
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem smèv‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem smàv.
 
 
skarp‑a
- Gloss: ‘split, divide, break’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem skarp‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem skràp.
 
 
skam‑a
- Gloss: ‘256’
 - Connotations
- Melioration narrowing
 - Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem tkam‑yl
 - Descendant
- ModLem skmà.
 
 
skerdz‑a
skeng‑a
skesk‑a
- Gloss: ‘settlement’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
 - Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem tkesk‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem skàsk.
 
 
skeqk‑a
- Gloss: ‘shard’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 - Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem skevk‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem skàqk.
 
 
skont‑a
- Gloss: ‘sparrow’
 - Connotation
- Melioration narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem skont‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem stnàt.
 
 
sklont‑a
- Gloss: ‘room’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Dative narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem skylont‑yr
 - Descendants
 
skrOr‑a
- Gloss: ‘finger’
 - Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 - Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Dative narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
 - Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem dyrkter‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem skràc.
 
 
skrOngj‑a
- Gloss: ‘egg’
 - Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
 - Dative narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
 - Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Slowing narrowing
 - Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem dyrkterengj‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem skrà.
 
 
skmim‑a
- Gloss: ‘butcher’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Slowing narrowing
 - Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
 - Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem skarpmèm‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem skmàw.
 
 
skxol‑a
stalgr‑a
star‑a
- Gloss: ‘bull’
 - Connotation
- Dative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem stàr‑yr
 - Descendants
- NLem jsoj‑star‑a
 - ModLem strà.
 - ModLem stràz.
 
 
stel‑a
- Gloss: ‘pillar’
 - Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
 - Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
 - Other possibility: l̥ > λα
 - Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem stèl‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem sklà.
 
 
stelg‑a
stedr‑a
- Gloss: ‘legend’
 - Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
 - Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem stètur‑ar
 - Descendants
 
stingj‑a
stOng‑a
- Gloss: ‘row’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: place for place
 - Temporal narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem stÒng‑yr
 
strogn‑a
- Gloss: ‘(small) box’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Local narrowing
 - Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
 - Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
 - Place for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem tetràgon‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem stràg.
 
 
sp‑a
- Gloss: ‘happy’
 - Connotations
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem tp‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem spàz.
 
 
spalm‑a
- Gloss: ‘sad’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 - Melioration narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem spalnp‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem spàj.
 
 
sperdz‑a
spesk‑a
- Gloss: ‘dolphin’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Instrumental narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
 - Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem tUpèsk‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem spàsk.
 
 
spolj‑a
- Gloss: ‘shore’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: content for container
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem tpolj‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem splàj.
 
 
sprOwl‑a
- Gloss: ‘butterfly’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Weakening narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
 - Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem slicpèfil‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem spràw.
 
 
spnyr‑a
- Gloss: ‘thank’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem spnar‑a
 
sje‑a
swazw‑a
- Gloss: ‘glad’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem swazw‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem swàzw.
 
 
swent‑a
- Gloss: ‘believe’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem swent‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem swnàt.
 
 
sweh‑a
swiv‑a
swmil‑a
- Gloss: ‘moth’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
 - Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
 - Softening narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
 - Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem mineswel‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem swmilà.
 
 
sxar‑a
- Gloss: ‘fuel’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem isxar‑yr
 - Descendants
 
sxun‑a
sxn‑a
- Gloss: ‘rope’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem sxn‑yr
 
qel‑a
qelp‑a
- Gloss: ‘tar’
 - Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem qelp‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem qlàp.
 
 
qer‑a
- Gloss: ‘animal’
 - Connotations
- Or 1st mora stressed?
 - Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
 - Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem qèr‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem qrà.
 
 
qerm‑a
qeng‑a
- Gloss: ‘hold, overpower’
 - Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem qeng‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem qnàg.
 
 
qend‑a
- Gloss: ‘order’
 - Connotations
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
 - Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem qènd‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem qnàd.
 
 
qent‑a
- Gloss: ‘smoke (also tobacco)’
 - Connotations
- Weakening narrowing
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Totum pro parte (weak whole)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem qent‑a
 - Descendants
 
qem‑a
- Gloss: ‘group’
 - Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem qem‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem qmà.
 
 
qemxz‑a
- Gloss: ‘(grain of) sand’
 - Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem qemxz‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem qmàxz.
 
 
qexk‑a
- Gloss: ‘fly, beat one’s wings’
 - Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Totum pro parte (weak whole)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem qexk‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem qàxk.
 
 
qizgw‑a
- Gloss: ‘think’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Totum pro parte (weak whole)
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem qisgw‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem qàzg.
 
 
qisn‑a
- Gloss: ‘winter’
 - Connotation
- Totum pro parte (weak whole)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem qisn‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem qàs.
 
 
qif‑a
- Gloss: ‘seven’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Totum pro parte (weak whole)
 - Melioration narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem qif‑yl
 - Descendant
- ModLem qàf.
 
 
qkerdz‑a
- Gloss: ‘artichoke’
 - Connotation
- Nominative narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem ev‑skerdz‑yr
 - Irregularity: contraction
 - Descendant
- ModLem qkràdj.
 
 
qtrO‑a
- Gloss: ‘arrange’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Strengthening narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Weakening narrowing
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem ihwtrè‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem qtrà.
 
 
fet‑a
- Gloss: ‘fast’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem fet‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem fàt.
 
 
fing‑a
- Gloss: ‘try’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Weakening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem fifing‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem fnà.
 
 
fis‑a
fo‑a
- Gloss: ‘far’
 - Connotation
- Factive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem afo
 - Irregularity: inflected form
 - Descendants
 
fok‑a
- Gloss: ‘seal’
 - Connotation
- South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem fòk‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem fokàj.
 
 
foph‑a
- Gloss: ‘suck’
 - Connotations
- Dative narrowing
 - Strengthening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem yfophh‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem fàph.
 
 
fOpysir‑a
- Gloss: ‘FatherChristmas’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: place for place
 - Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: OLem föpysir‑
 - Variant: academic loan
 - Descendant
- ModLem fOpysràf.
 
 
fOps‑a
- Gloss: ‘Neptune’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: place for place
 - Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 - Temporal narrowing
 - Dative narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem fÒpys‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem fàps.
 
 
fOs‑a
fOst‑a
- Gloss: ‘peck’
 - Connotations
- Temporal narrowing
 - Local narrowing
 - Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem fÒsotk‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem fàst.
 
 
flOr‑a
- Gloss: ‘blue’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem fler‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem flàc.
 
 
fr‑a
frekur‑a
- Gloss: ‘Ares’
 - Connotations
- Melioration narrowing
 - Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: OLem frēkur‑
 - Variant: academic loan
 - Descendant
- ModLem frekràf.
 
 
fror‑a
- Gloss: ‘(warmth given by a) stove’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and weak
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Weakening narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem wirftor‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem fràc.
 
 
frodj‑a
- Gloss: ‘perceive’
 - Connotations
- Act for material/colour/sound/smell
 - Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 - Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
 - Factive narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Place for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem fràtj‑a
 - Descendants
 
frOnk‑a
- Gloss: ‘fruit’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem frenk‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem fràxk.
 
 
frOm‑a
- Gloss: ‘stroll, amble, walk’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem frèm‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem fràw.
 
 
frOgr‑a
- Gloss: ‘Mars’
 - Connotations
- Melioration narrowing
 - Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem frèkur‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem fràg.
 
 
frOs‑a
- Gloss: ‘uncle’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
 - Melioration narrowing
 - Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Time for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem frès‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem fràs.
 
 
frunk‑a
- Gloss: ‘dig (out)’
 - Ancestor: LMLem frunk‑a
 
frux‑a
- Gloss: ‘astonish’
 - Connotations
- Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
 - Melioration narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem frux‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem fràx.
 
 
frUn‑a
- Gloss: ‘cloud’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Means for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem frìn‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem fràj.
 
 
fnyt‑a
- Gloss: ‘yearn’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 - Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem fnat‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem fnàt.
 
 
fnysf‑a
- Gloss: ‘feel’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Accusative narrowing
 - Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem fnàisf‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem fnàsf.
 
 
fnumb‑a
- Gloss: ‘relative’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem fnomb‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem fnàwb.
 
 
fmink‑a
- Gloss: ‘spill’
 - Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
 - Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
 - Melioration narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem fmink‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem fmàxk.
 
 
fmunt‑a
- Gloss: ‘plant’
 - Connotations
- Accusative narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
 - Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem mifont‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem fmàxt.
 
 
fkur‑a
- Gloss: ‘shoot arrows’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Causative/persuasive narrowing
 - Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem pkùr‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem fkrà.
 
 
fkrongj‑a
- Gloss: ‘tortoise’
 - Connotations
- Nominative narrowing
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
 - Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem repkongj‑ar
 - Descendant
- ModLem fkràj.
 
 
ftarsk‑a
- Gloss: ‘sneeze’
 - Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
 - Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem ptarsk‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem ftràsk.
 
 
ftank‑a
- Gloss: ‘eagle’
 - Connotations
- Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
 - Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem ptank‑yr
 - Descendant
- ModLem ftnàk.
 
 
ftax‑a
- Gloss: ‘play’
 - Connotation
- Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem ptax‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem ftàx.
 
 
fpalx‑a
- Gloss: ‘sky’
 - Connotation
- Causative/persuasive narrowing
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem ufpalx‑yr
 - Descendants
 
fprUf‑a
- Gloss: ‘rustle, whisper’
 - Connotations
- Strengthening narrowing
 - Nominative narrowing
 - Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
 - Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
 - Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
 - Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
 - Means for material/colour/sound/smell
 
 - Ancestor: LMLem perpif‑a
 - Descendant
- ModLem fpràf.