Multilingual etymological dictionary

alaà.

• Gloss: ‘alder’
• Connotation
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
• Ancestor: NLem alaix‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

aràc.

• Gloss: ‘pressureunit’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem aer‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

argà.

• Gloss: ‘river’
• Ancestor: NLem arg‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

artà.

• Gloss: ‘blood’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem art‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

anà.

• Gloss: ‘secret’
• Connotation
  • Dative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem an‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

anàgz.

• Gloss: ‘class’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: content for container
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Factive widening
• Ancestor: NLem anagzn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

anàkf.

• Gloss: ‘vacation’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Factive widening
• Ancestor: NLem anakfr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

antà.

• Gloss: ‘lake’

amà.

• Gloss: ‘pond’
• Ancestor: NLem amy‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

amelà.

• Gloss: ‘Amélie’
• Ancestor: NLem ameli‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

agmà.

• Gloss: ‘statue’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Factive narrowing
  • Slowing narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem agm‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

àgc.

• Gloss: ‘fog’
• Connotations
  • Instrumental narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem agjm‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

àd.

• Gloss: ‘identity’
• Ancestor: NLem yd‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

admàc.

• Gloss: ‘atom’
• Connotations
  • Local narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Singular meaning
• Ancestor: NLem adm‑a
• Variant: poststem from singular

àb.

• Gloss: ‘fourteen’
• Ancestor: NLem ob‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

àbc.

• Gloss: ‘{(unpleasantly) bitter}’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem abc‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem dràph.

àk.

• Gloss: ‘air’
• Ancestor: NLem akn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

àkh.

• Gloss: ‘ship’
• Connotation
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem akx‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

àkf.

• Gloss: ‘fight’
• Ancestor: NLem okf‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

àtx.

• Gloss: ‘sour’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem Otx‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

atxàp.

• Gloss: ‘mid-morning, late morning’
• Connotations
  • Dative narrowing
  • Factive widening
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem atsap‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

atxàc.

• Gloss: ‘head’
• Connotations
  • Dative narrowing
  • Singular meaning
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem ats‑a
• Variant: poststem from singular

àtf.

• Gloss: ‘brave’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem otf‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

àpq.

• Gloss: ‘gold’
• Connotations
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem apf‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

àj.

• Gloss: ‘16’
• Connotation
  • A modifier plus a consonant ( ʱᴛ) is not allowed!
• Ancestor: NLem anr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

àjb.

• Gloss: ‘disgusted’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem ojb‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

àc.

• Gloss: ‘annoy’
• Connotation
  • Local narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem oc‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

acRàd.

• Gloss: ‘admiral, general’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem acoRd‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

àzw.

• Gloss: ‘erratic, random’
• Ancestor: NLem eRwR‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem xacg‑àzw.

àv.

• Gloss: ‘eat’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem ev‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem àqsk.

àvd.

• Gloss: ‘host’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metonymy: content for container
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem evdj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

àw.

• Gloss: ‘ant’
• Ancestor: NLem Ow‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

àwd.

• Gloss: ‘table’
• Connotations
  • Temporal narrowing
  • Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem ewd‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

àwb.

• Gloss: ‘frank, blunt’
• Connotation
  • Unsupported ending! Use 1st sg for verbs.
• Ancestor: NLem ombr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

àx.

• Gloss: ‘male’
• Ancestor: NLem axr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

axileàs.

• Gloss: ‘Achilles’
• Ancestor: Koi ἀχιλλεύ‑ς
• Variant: academic loan

àxk.

• Gloss: ‘Mercury’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Temporal narrowing
  • Dative narrowing
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem Onkr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

àxt.

• Gloss: ‘pine’
• Connotations
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
  • Interval: 25 × 25 = 625 -> minor third
  • Feminisation
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: ModLem uxtxoà.
• Irregularity: reanalysis

àxh.

• Gloss: ‘joke’
• Ancestor: NLem oxh‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

àh.

• Gloss: ‘bed’
• Ancestor: NLem ahr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

àhp.

• Gloss: ‘salty’
• Ancestor: NLem yhph‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

àhw.

• Gloss: ‘horse’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem ehw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

àhs.

• Gloss: ‘thirteen’
• Ancestor: NLem yhs‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

àsk.

• Gloss: ‘eat {daintily}’
• Ancestor: NLem isk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem àqsk.

àst.

• Gloss: ‘most’
• Connotation
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem ist‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

astekà.

• Gloss: ‘SouthAmerica’
• Ancestor: NLem astek‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

àsw.

• Gloss: ‘enjoy’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem usw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

àsh.

• Gloss: ‘read’
• Ancestor: NLem Osh‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

àqt.

• Gloss: ‘sweetmeat’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem eqt‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

àqsk.

• Gloss: ‘eat {daintily}’
• Constituents: ModLem àsk. + àv.
• Variant: contamination

àf.

• Gloss: ‘up’
• Ancestor: NLem uf‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendants
  • ModLem ilf‑kà.
  • ModLem dy‑àf.
  • ModLem jirx‑àf.

àfx.

• Gloss: ‘dense’
• Ancestor: NLem ef‑xp‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

eà.

• Gloss: ‘laugh’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem e‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

eàfs.

• Gloss: ‘uranium’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Dative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem eafst‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

elefà.

• Gloss: ‘elephant’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: itself for act
  • South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: NLem elefa‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

entàw.

• Gloss: ‘insect’
• Connotation
  • South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: NLem entom‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

emblà.

• Gloss: ‘forceunit’
• Connotations
  • Other possibility: l̥ > λα
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: NLem embol‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

edà.

• Gloss: ‘sheep’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem ed‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

edmàjd.

• Gloss: ‘Edmund’
• Ancestor: NLem edmund‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

etxàt.

• Gloss: ‘silver’
• Connotations
  • Factive widening
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem etsat‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

epikuràs.

• Gloss: ‘Epicurus’
• Ancestor: Koi ἐπίκουρ‑ος
• Variant: academic loan

ejlà.

• Gloss: ‘smile’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem ejl‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

ehwà.

• Gloss: ‘unicorn’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem ehw‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

esfàs.

• Gloss: ‘hide’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Perfect meaning
• Ancestor: NLem esf‑a
• Variant: poststem from perfect

eqinà.

• Gloss: ‘Ethiynic’
• Ancestor: Eth eþījnu
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

ylàs.

• Gloss: ‘vain’
• Ancestor: NLem ylas‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

ynsatà.

• Gloss: ‘watch, guard’
• Connotations
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • weak ° quick -> hard ° weak
• Ancestor: NTroy ηνσαζζα /n̩satta DIPHS+STRESS? /
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

yglàj.

• Gloss: ‘spectacles’
• Connotations
  • Plural meaning
  • Pars pro toto (good part)
• Ancestor: NLem ydl‑a
• Variant: poststem from plural

yglàc.

• Gloss: ‘monocle’
• Connotations
  • Singular meaning
  • Pars pro toto (good part)
• Ancestor: NLem ydl‑a
• Variant: poststem from singular

ytàs.

• Gloss: ‘inductanceunit’

ytxà.

• Gloss: ‘servant’
• Connotations
  • Dative narrowing
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem yts‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

ytfà.

• Gloss: ‘night’
• Ancestor: NLem ytf‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem prilne‑ytfà.

yphà.

• Gloss: ‘orange’
• Connotations
  • Factive widening
  • Feminisation
• Ancestor: NLem yphakn‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

ypsàp.

• Gloss: ‘belly’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Factive widening
• Ancestor: NLem ypsap‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

ycvà.

• Gloss: ‘changesubject’
• Connotation
  • Weakening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem ycv‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

yzàj.

• Gloss: ‘press, crush’
• Connotation
  • Plural meaning
• Ancestor: NLem yz‑a
• Variant: poststem from plural

yhà.

• Gloss: ‘scythe’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem yh‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

yhlàgz.

• Gloss: ‘sickle’
• Ancestor: NLem yh‑algz‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

ysrà.

• Gloss: ‘goat’
• Connotations
  • Dative narrowing
  • Factive narrowing
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem ysr‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

ià.

• Gloss: ‘love’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem i‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

iakopàk.

• Gloss: ‘Jacopo’
• Connotation
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem iakopo‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

iotà.

• Gloss: ‘energyunit’
• Ancestor: NLem iote‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

ilf‑kà.

• Gloss: ‘down’
• Constituents: ModLem àf. + kà.
• Variant: compound
• Descendants
  • ModLem jerx‑ilfkà.
  • ModLem jUrx‑ilfkà.

igcàd.

• Gloss: ‘Lord’
• Connotations
  • Factive widening
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem igjadl‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem igcàks.

igcàks.

• Gloss: ‘lawks!’
• Connotations
  • Factive widening
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: ModLem igcàd.
• Irregularity: dialectal form

itràh.

• Gloss: ‘nickel’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Dative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem itarh‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

ihkà.

• Gloss: ‘Moon’
• Ancestor: NLem ihk‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

oà.

• Gloss: ‘poem’
• Connotations
  • Interval: 25 × 3 = 75 -> minor third
  • Feminisation
• Ancestor: NLem ous‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

oàs.

• Gloss: ‘chargeunit’
• Ancestor: Koi οἶ‑ς
• Variant: academic loan
• Descendant
  • ModLem Oàs.

olxàj.

• Gloss: ‘giraffe’
• Connotations
  • Ending not implemented yet!
  • Local narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Factive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem olxol‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

oRwxàf.

• Gloss: ‘poodle’
• Ancestor: NLem oRw‑xaf‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

oranutnà.

• Gloss: ‘orangutan’
• Ancestor: NLem oranutan‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

omà.

• Gloss: ‘eleven’
• Ancestor: NLem om‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

omàj.

• Gloss: ‘councillor’
• Connotations
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Plural meaning
• Ancestor: NLem om‑a
• Variant: poststem from plural

odnà.

• Gloss: ‘afternoon’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Softening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem odn‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

ohrà.

• Gloss: ‘tax’
• Ancestor: NLem ohr‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

oshàc.

• Gloss: ‘sergeant’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Dative narrowing
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Singular meaning
• Ancestor: NLem osh‑a
• Variant: poststem from singular

oqelàq.

• Gloss: ‘Othello’
• Connotation
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem oqelo‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

Oàs.

• Gloss: ‘magneticchargeunit’
• Ancestor: ModLem oàs.
• Irregularity: modification

Olwà.

• Gloss: ‘wipe’
• Connotations
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem Olw‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

Onkràt.

• Gloss: ‘Hermes’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem Onkyrt‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

Oglàc.

• Gloss: ‘mole’
• Connotations
  • Instrumental narrowing
  • Singular meaning
  • Pars pro toto (good part)
• Ancestor: NLem Odl‑a
• Variant: poststem from singular

Otà.

• Gloss: ‘(solar) year’
• Connotations
  • Temporal narrowing
  • Dative narrowing
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem Ot‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

udreà.

• Gloss: ‘efluxdensityunit’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Other possibility: r̥ > ρα
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: ModLem Udreà.
• Irregularity: modification

ujrà.

• Gloss: ‘roar’
• Ancestor: NLem ujr‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

uxtxoà.

• Gloss: ‘{pine}’
• Connotations
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
  • Interval: 25 × 25 = 625 -> minor third
  • Feminisation
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem uxtsoux‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]
• Descendant
  • ModLem àxt.

usrà.

• Gloss: ‘Aphrodite’
• Ancestor: NLem usor‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

Udreà.

• Gloss: ‘mfluxdensityunit’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Other possibility: r̥ > ρα
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: Koi ὑδρεί‑ᾱ
• Variant: academic loan
• Irregularity: shortened form
• Descendant
  • ModLem udreà.

là.

• Gloss: ‘do’
• Ancestor: NLem l‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

lanà.

• Gloss: ‘elm’
• Connotations
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
  • Interval: 11 × 3 = 33 -> minor second
• Ancestor: NLem lain‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

lanàg.

• Gloss: ‘dragonfly, damselfly’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (weakening, hardening, concretising)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Factive widening
• Ancestor: NLem lanagmr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

làg.

• Gloss: ‘calculate’
• Ancestor: NLem alg‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

làgc.

• Gloss: ‘rest’
• Connotation
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem algj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

làgz.

• Gloss: ‘little, dear [term of endearment]’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Weakening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem algz‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

làb.

• Gloss: ‘flower’
• Connotations
  • Softening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem leb‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem nymzd‑làb.

labàt.

• Gloss: ‘car’
• Ancestor: NLem labatl‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

làbv.

• Gloss: ‘white’
• Connotation
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem albw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

làk.

• Gloss: ‘jump’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem lek‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

làt.

• Gloss: ‘heavy’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem alt‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

làtx.

• Gloss: ‘supple, flexible’
• Connotations
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
  • Interval: 7 × 3 = 21 -> perfect fourth
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem lents‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

làj.

• Gloss: ‘house’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: content for container
• Ancestor: NLem lingj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

làjg.

• Gloss: ‘bend, break’
• Ancestor: NLem lung‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

làc.

• Gloss: ‘lip’
• Connotations
  • Local narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem ler‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

làcw.

• Gloss: ‘help’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Factive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem lorw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

làw.

• Gloss: ‘lion’
• Connotation
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
• Ancestor: NLem lew‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

làwb.

• Gloss: ‘boyfriend, girlfriend’
• Ancestor: NLem lumb‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

làx.

• Gloss: ‘glass’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem lex‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

làxt.

• Gloss: ‘want’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem lint‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

làxw.

• Gloss: ‘green’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
• Ancestor: NLem alxw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

làxh.

• Gloss: ‘lynx’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: content for container
  • Weakening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem luxh‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

làq.

• Gloss: ‘massunit’
• Ancestor: NLem liq‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

làqk.

• Gloss: ‘race’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem liqk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

làqx.

• Gloss: ‘summer’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem leqx‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

làf.

• Gloss: ‘skin, peel’
• Ancestor: NLem lufr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

lemàc.

• Gloss: ‘Lemizh’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: message for sender
• Ancestor: NLem lem‑a
• Variant: poststem from singular

lepxà.

• Gloss: ‘daisy’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Feminisation
• Ancestor: NLem lepxOj‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

lejcà.

• Gloss: ‘fairy’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Temporal narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem lejcO‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

liwà.

• Gloss: ‘lead’
• Connotation
  • Local narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem liw‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

loàg.

• Gloss: ‘spoon’
• Connotations
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
  • Interval: 49 × 25 = 1225 -> minor third
• Ancestor: NLem loug‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

lorenzà.

• Gloss: ‘Lorenza’
• Ancestor: NLem lorenza‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

loxlà.

• Gloss: ‘NorthAmerica’
• Connotation
  • Feminisation
• Ancestor: NLem loxlan‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

loxwà.

• Gloss: ‘temple’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
• Ancestor: NLem loxw‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

loxwàj.

• Gloss: ‘polytheistic temple’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Plural meaning
• Ancestor: NLem loxw‑a
• Variant: poststem from plural

loxwàc.

• Gloss: ‘church, monotheistic temple’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Singular meaning
• Ancestor: NLem loxw‑a
• Variant: poststem from singular

lusà.

• Gloss: ‘Lucy’
• Ancestor: NLem lusi‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

lrà.

• Gloss: ‘exponentiate’
• Ancestor: NLem lr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

Rà.

• Gloss: ‘each’
• Ancestor: NLem R‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

Ràg.

• Gloss: ‘soul’
• Connotations
  • Softening narrowing
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem Reg‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

Ràdj.

• Gloss: ‘thrive, prosper’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem Randz‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

Ràbv.

• Gloss: ‘3/8’
• Connotation
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem yRbw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

Ràks.

• Gloss: ‘should’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem Ranks‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

Ràj.

• Gloss: ‘goose’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem Ran‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

Ràjg.

• Gloss: ‘live’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem Reng‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem crU‑Ràjg.

Ràjd.

• Gloss: ‘digress’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem Rand‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

Ràjb.

• Gloss: ‘bag’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem Renb‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

Ràc.

• Gloss: ‘monarch’
• Connotations
  • Dative narrowing
  • Weakening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem aRc‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem Rec‑wàx.

Ràcj.

• Gloss: ‘colour’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem Rarj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

Ràz.

• Gloss: ‘snake’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metonymy: content for container
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Weakening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem Rangz‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

Ràzw.

• Gloss: ‘road, street’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem Rozw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

Ràw.

• Gloss: ‘hound’
• Ancestor: NLem oRw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

Ràxt.

• Gloss: ‘shoulder’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem Rant‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

Ràxt.

• Gloss: ‘duck’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem Ranxt‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

Ràxp.

• Gloss: ‘ashamed’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem Ranp‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

Ràst.

• Gloss: ‘dream’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: content for container
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Weakening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem Rostx‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

Ràsw.

• Gloss: ‘spring’
• Ancestor: NLem R‑usw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

Renà.

• Gloss: ‘primate’
• Connotation
  • Factive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem Ren‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

Renàj.

• Gloss: ‘monkey’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Plural meaning
• Ancestor: NLem Ren‑a
• Variant: poststem from plural

Renàc.

• Gloss: ‘lemur’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Singular meaning
• Ancestor: NLem Ren‑a
• Variant: poststem from singular

Rec‑wàx.

• Gloss: ‘sentence’
• Constituents: ModLem Ràc. + wàx.
• Variant: compound

rà.

• Gloss: ‘one’
• Ancestor: NLem r‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem myh‑rà.

ramàc.

• Gloss: ‘Ramo’
• Connotation
  • Unsupported ending!
• Ancestor: NLem ram‑o
• Variant: [no poststem]
• Irregularity: irregular masculinisation

ràgw.

• Gloss: ‘dark (colour)’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem argw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

ràd.

• Gloss: ‘cobalt’
• Connotations
  • Softening narrowing
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Dative narrowing
  • Softening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem redm‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

ràdj.

• Gloss: ‘discover’
• Connotation
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem ardz‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

ràt.

• Gloss: ‘steer’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem ret‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

ràtx.

• Gloss: ‘hope’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem rentx‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

ràjd.

• Gloss: ‘red’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem rundr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem gwràjd.

ràc.

• Gloss: ‘right [direction]’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: effect/purpose for cause/motive
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem Ur‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]
• Descendant
  • ModLem xisk‑ràc.

ràzg.

• Gloss: ‘braid’
• Ancestor: NLem arzg‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

ràw.

• Gloss: ‘amount’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem orw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

ràwb.

• Gloss: ‘push’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Means for material/colour/sound/smell
• Constituents: ModLem sràwb. + ràxp.
• Variant: contamination

ràxk.

• Gloss: ‘tear, break’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem rink‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

ràxp.

• Gloss: ‘pull’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem runp‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem ràwb.

ràh.

• Gloss: ‘like’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem irh‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

ràs.

• Gloss: ‘frost’
• Connotation
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem rOs‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

ràsk.

• Gloss: ‘ground’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem arsk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

ràst.

• Gloss: ‘win’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem remst‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

ràqk.

• Gloss: ‘touch’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem reqk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

rendà.

• Gloss: ‘summarise’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Weakening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem rend‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

redmà.

• Gloss: ‘cobalt’
• Connotations
  • Softening narrowing
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Dative narrowing
  • Softening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem redm‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

romàj.

• Gloss: ‘Roman’
• Ancestor: NLem roman‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

romeàc.

• Gloss: ‘Romeo’
• Connotation
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem romeo‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

roderigàc.

• Gloss: ‘Roderigo’
• Connotation
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem roderigo‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

rOsàc.

• Gloss: ‘crystal’
• Connotations
  • Temporal narrowing
  • Singular meaning
• Ancestor: NLem rOs‑a
• Variant: poststem from singular

nà.

• Gloss: ‘not’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem n‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem pril‑nà.

naRnià.

• Gloss: ‘Narnian’
• Ancestor: NLem naRni‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

nàgc.

• Gloss: ‘war’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: content for container
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem engj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

nàgw.

• Gloss: ‘drink’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem engw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

nàd.

• Gloss: ‘boss, chief’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem end‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

nabà.

• Gloss: ‘nabu’
• Connotation
  • Proto-Waldaiic > Ethiynic not finished yet!
• Ancestor: Eth nabũ
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

nàt.

• Gloss: ‘Saturn’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Local widening
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
  • Pars pro toto (bad part)
• Ancestor: NLem dzokont‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Irregularity: haplology
• Descendant
  • ModLem nàt.

nàt.

• Gloss: ‘open’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Local widening
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
  • Pars pro toto (bad part)
• Ancestor: ModLem nàt.

natlà.

• Gloss: ‘angularpowerdensityunit’
• Connotations
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: Koi ναυ‑τιλί‑ᾱ
• Variant: academic loan
• Irregularity: shortened form

napolà.

• Gloss: ‘Neapolitan’
• Ancestor: NLem napoli‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

nàj.

• Gloss: ‘between’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem en‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

nàjw.

• Gloss: ‘habit’
• Ancestor: NLem nanw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

nàzd.

• Gloss: ‘bird’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem nezd‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem nymzd‑làb.

nàw.

• Gloss: ‘valley’
• Ancestor: NLem namr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

nàwb.

• Gloss: ‘inflate, burst, rip’
• Ancestor: NLem nemb‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

nàxt.

• Gloss: ‘beard’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Dative narrowing
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Slowing narrowing
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem nont‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

nàh.

• Gloss: ‘nine’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem neh‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

nàs.

• Gloss: ‘smell’
• Ancestor: NLem nas‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

nenà.

• Gloss: ‘run’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem neni‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

nezà.

• Gloss: ‘acquaint’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Local narrowing
  • Factive widening
  • Feminisation
• Ancestor: NLem nezadwr‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

nexwaklàj.

• Gloss: ‘Nechwatal’
• Connotations
  • Masculinisation
  • Pars pro toto (bad part)
• Ancestor: NLem nexwatal‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

nymzd‑làb.

• Gloss: ‘flamingo’
• Constituents: ModLem nàzd. + làb.
• Variant: compound

ninàj.

• Gloss: ‘Nino’
• Connotation
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem nino‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

niftnàj.

• Gloss: ‘Poseidon’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem nifton‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

nomà.

• Gloss: ‘law’
• Ancestor: NLem nom‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

notà.

• Gloss: ‘hot dog’

nrà.

• Gloss: ‘peace’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Dative narrowing
  • Slowing narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem nar‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

mà.

• Gloss: ‘make’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem me‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

malanàj.

• Gloss: ‘platypus’
• Ancestor: NLem malanon‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

malàc.

• Gloss: ‘Mahler’
• Ancestor: NLem maler‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

marnà.

• Gloss: ‘beetle’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem marn‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

markàw.

• Gloss: ‘kangaroo’
• Ancestor: NLem markuw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

manwà.

• Gloss: ‘magnetism’
• Connotation
  • Softening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem manw‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

màg.

• Gloss: ‘shipyard’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem meg‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

màt.

• Gloss: ‘sleep’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem mitn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

màpx.

• Gloss: ‘understand’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem umpx‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

màj.

• Gloss: ‘rope’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
• Ancestor: NLem maljm‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

màj.

• Gloss: ‘harbour’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Slowing narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem men‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

màjd.

• Gloss: ‘wine’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem mind‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

màjw.

• Gloss: ‘affection’
• Connotation
  • Softening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem manw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

màc.

• Gloss: ‘fill’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem mec‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

màz.

• Gloss: ‘fly’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem mezr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

màzd.

• Gloss: ‘fat’
• Ancestor: NLem mazd‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

màv.

• Gloss: ‘wise’
• Ancestor: NLem mev‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

màw.

• Gloss: ‘meat’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem mem‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

màwd.

• Gloss: ‘waiter’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Softening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem mowdR‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

màxk.

• Gloss: ‘lie’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem mexk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

màh.

• Gloss: ‘sort’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem mih‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem myh‑rà.

màhk.

• Gloss: ‘salad’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem mihk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

màs.

• Gloss: ‘mouse’
• Ancestor: NLem mUs‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

màsk.

• Gloss: ‘wit’
• Connotation
  • Softening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem mask‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

màst.

• Gloss: ‘visit’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem mist‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

màsw.

• Gloss: ‘owl’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Softening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem mesw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

màqk.

• Gloss: ‘opportunity’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem miqk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

màqx.

• Gloss: ‘star’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem miqxp‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem memqx‑xalà.

meuxà.

• Gloss: ‘acorn’
• Connotations
  • Nominative widening
  • Interval: 7 × 2 = 14 -> minor seventh
  • Feminisation
• Ancestor: NLem meuxes‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

melàj.

• Gloss: ‘temple (region of skull)’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Softening narrowing
  • Plural meaning
• Ancestor: NLem mel‑a
• Variant: poststem from plural

melàs.

• Gloss: ‘powerunit’
• Ancestor: NLem meliss‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

memà.

• Gloss: ‘mum’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: ModLem mesà.
• Irregularity: baby talk

memqx‑xalà.

• Gloss: ‘Antares’
• Constituents: ModLem màqx. + xalà.
• Variant: compound

mesà.

• Gloss: ‘mother’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem mes‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]
• Descendants
  • ModLem memà.
  • ModLem mesor‑tà.

mesor‑tà.

• Gloss: ‘native’
• Constituents: ModLem mesà. + tà.
• Variant: compound

myh‑rà.

• Gloss: ‘one sort’
• Constituents: ModLem màh. + rà.
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • ModLem xycg‑myhrà.

minà.

• Gloss: ‘Athena’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Feminisation
• Ancestor: NLem minesw‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

mihdà.

• Gloss: ‘reward, payment’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: Eth mišdhá
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

mlà.

• Gloss: ‘several’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Softening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem mal‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

mlàtx.

• Gloss: ‘melt’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem maltx‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

mlàj.

• Gloss: ‘thing spoken’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Dative narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Softening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem mlejm‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

mlàv.

• Gloss: ‘sweet’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem mliv‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

mlàw.

• Gloss: ‘copy’
• Ancestor: NLem l‑mem‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Irregularity: metathesis

mRàkh.

• Gloss: ‘centaur’
• Connotations
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
  • Interval: 5 × 3 = 15 -> major seventh
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem muRkx‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

mrà.

• Gloss: ‘sea’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem mur‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

mraà.

• Gloss: ‘paint’
• Connotations
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
  • Interval: 11 × 3 = 33 -> minor second
  • Feminisation
• Ancestor: NLem mraixts‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

mràgz.

• Gloss: ‘tetchy’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Weakening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem margz‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

mràj.

• Gloss: ‘65536’
• Connotations
  • Instrumental narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Plural meaning
• Ancestor: NLem mra‑a
• Variant: poststem from plural
• Irregularity: shortening

mràw.

• Gloss: ‘celebrate’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Softening narrowing
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem marw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

mràwj.

• Gloss: ‘anthill’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: content for container
• Ancestor: NLem morwj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gà.

• Gloss: ‘greet informally’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: ModLem gcrà.
• Irregularity: shortening

ganà.

• Gloss: ‘sing’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem gan‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

gàd.

• Gloss: ‘whale’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem ged‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gàb.

• Gloss: ‘fork’
• Connotation
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
• Ancestor: NLem gabl‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gàj.

• Gloss: ‘servant’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Dative narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Softening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem gejm‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gàjd.

• Gloss: ‘good’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem gundr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gàcx.

• Gloss: ‘grain’
• Ancestor: NLem garxn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gàx.

• Gloss: ‘antimony [from Akkadian]’
• Ancestor: NLem guxl‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gonàtx.

• Gloss: ‘museum’
• Connotations
  • Unsupported ending! Use root for verbs.
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
  • Interval: 5 × 121 = 605 -> minor third
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: ModLem pry‑gonàtx.

gomàs.

• Gloss: ‘powerdensityunit’
• Ancestor: Koi γόμ‑ος
• Variant: academic loan

glàt.

• Gloss: ‘sword’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Masculinisation
  • Pars pro toto (good part)
• Ancestor: NLem dal‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

glàxw.

• Gloss: ‘amuse’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Pars pro toto (good part)
• Ancestor: NLem dluxw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

glàst.

• Gloss: ‘violet’
• Connotations
  • Dative narrowing
  • Dative narrowing
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Place for material/colour/sound/smell
  • Pars pro toto (good part)
• Ancestor: NLem dlost‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

glàf.

• Gloss: ‘brother’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Factive narrowing
  • Pars pro toto (good part)
• Ancestor: NLem delf‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

glàf.

• Gloss: ‘coil, roll’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Means for material/colour/sound/smell
  • Pars pro toto (good part)
• Ancestor: NLem dlUf‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem qentu‑glàf.

grà.

• Gloss: ‘difficult’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Slowing narrowing
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem grO‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gràbv.

• Gloss: ‘carve’
• Connotation
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem garbw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gràk.

• Gloss: ‘trousers’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem ger‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

gràt.

• Gloss: ‘carrot’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem grot‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gràc.

• Gloss: ‘chicken’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Dative narrowing
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem grOr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gràw.

• Gloss: ‘thread’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
• Ancestor: NLem grom‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gràws.

• Gloss: ‘rat’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Instrumental narrowing
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Slowing narrowing
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem grOms‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

grosà.

• Gloss: ‘cherry’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Place for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem gros‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

grUrà.

• Gloss: ‘Dniester’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and good
• Ancestor: NLem grUr‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

gmà.

• Gloss: ‘outside’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem gom‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gmàj.

• Gloss: ‘pray, call upon’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Instrumental narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem gmin‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gmàz.

• Gloss: ‘(gymnastic) school’
• Connotations
  • Instrumental narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Softening narrowing
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem gmyz‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gmàw.

• Gloss: ‘honour’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Local narrowing
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem gmim‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gmrà.

• Gloss: ‘warm’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (weakening, hardening, concretising)
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem gmr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gcà.

• Gloss: ‘fifteen’
• Connotation
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem gj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gcrà.

• Gloss: ‘greet’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem gjor‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem gà.

gcnàjg.

• Gloss: ‘deceive’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem gjnung‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gzulsà.

• Gloss: ‘country, sovereign state’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Accusative narrowing
  • bad ° bad -> up
• Ancestor: NTroy ξολσ /ɡzuls DIPHS+STRESS? /
• Variant: [no poststem]

gzlàs.

• Gloss: ‘country, sovereign state’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Accusative narrowing
  • bad ° bad -> up
• Ancestor: NTroy ξολσ /ɡzuls DIPHS+STRESS? /
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gwà.

• Gloss: ‘any’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem gw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gwalpà.

• Gloss: ‘cup’
• Ancestor: NLem gwalp‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

gwàb.

• Gloss: ‘healthy’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem gwibl‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gwàk.

• Gloss: ‘ox’
• Connotations
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem gwo‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

gwàt.

• Gloss: ‘teach’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem gwet‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gwàj.

• Gloss: ‘grind’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem gwaln‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gwàh.

• Gloss: ‘trick’
• Connotations
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem gweh‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gwàs.

• Gloss: ‘cheese’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem gwas‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gwàsk.

• Gloss: ‘careful’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem gwisk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gwàq.

• Gloss: ‘four’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem gwiq‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gwlà.

• Gloss: ‘blaze’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem gwal‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gwlàk.

• Gloss: ‘coal’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem gwel‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

gwrà.

• Gloss: ‘knife’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem gwer‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

gwràd.

• Gloss: ‘{rose}’
• Connotation
  • Softening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem gword‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem gwràjd.

gwràjd.

• Gloss: ‘rose’
• Connotation
  • Softening narrowing
• Constituents: ModLem gwràd. + ràjd.
• Variant: contamination

gwnà.

• Gloss: ‘eager’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem gwon‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dà.

• Gloss: ‘get’
• Connotation
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: ModLem dà.

dà.

• Gloss: ‘trig’
• Connotation
  • Feminisation
• Ancestor: NLem disk‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]
• Irregularity: academic formation
• Descendants
  • ModLem dy‑àf.
  • ModLem dy‑prà.

dà.

• Gloss: ‘give’
• Connotation
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem dO‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem dà.

darawà.

• Gloss: ‘Australia’

dàkh.

• Gloss: ‘slipper’
• Connotations
  • Dative narrowing
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem dykx‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dàp.

• Gloss: ‘flour’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem dap‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dapà.

• Gloss: ‘powder’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem dap‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

dàpq.

• Gloss: ‘pay’
• Connotations
  • Temporal narrowing
  • Factive narrowing
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem dOpf‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dàcj.

• Gloss: ‘plug’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
• Ancestor: NLem darjn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dàv.

• Gloss: ‘yellow’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem devr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dàxt.

• Gloss: ‘must’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem daxt‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dàh.

• Gloss: ‘ten’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem dih‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dàsk.

• Gloss: ‘circle’
• Ancestor: NLem disk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dasfàk.

• Gloss: ‘voltageunit’
• Ancestor: Koi διασφάξ
• Variant: academic loan
• Irregularity: shortened form

desdemonà.

• Gloss: ‘Desdemona’
• Ancestor: NLem desdemona‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dy‑àf.

• Gloss: ‘sine’
• Constituents: ModLem dà. + àf.
• Variant: compound

dy‑prà.

• Gloss: ‘cosine’
• Constituents: ModLem dà. + prà.
• Variant: compound

dirà.

• Gloss: ‘tiara’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Factive narrowing
  • Factive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem dira‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dobà.

• Gloss: ‘carpet, rug’
• Connotations
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem dobe‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

duxvàsk.

• Gloss: ‘addict’
• Ancestor: NLem dux‑vesk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

drà.

• Gloss: ‘tree’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem dur‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dràt.

• Gloss: ‘wood (material)’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem dur‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

dràp.

• Gloss: ‘acrid, pungent’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem drOp‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem dràph.

dràph.

• Gloss: ‘bitter’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
• Constituents: ModLem dràp. + àbc.
• Variant: contamination

dràj.

• Gloss: ‘citrus’
• Connotation
  • Cause/motive for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem drun‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dràzd.

• Gloss: ‘chair’
• Connotation
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem druzd‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dràw.

• Gloss: ‘dance’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Weakening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem darw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

droà.

• Gloss: ‘Troy’
• Connotation
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem dro‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem droU‑kràst.

droU‑kràst.

• Gloss: ‘TurkishDelight’
• Constituents: ModLem droà. + kràst.
• Variant: compound

drulà.

• Gloss: ‘bush’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem drul‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

dnà.

• Gloss: ‘walk’
• Connotations
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Slowing narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem dn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dnàk.

• Gloss: ‘corner’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Masculinisation
  • Pars pro toto (good part)
• Ancestor: NLem gun‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

dnàj.

• Gloss: ‘offspring, seed’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Softening narrowing
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Pars pro toto (good part)
• Ancestor: NLem gnyn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dnàs.

• Gloss: ‘certain’
• Ancestor: NLem dans‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dnià.

• Gloss: ‘mortar’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
  • Local narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Pars pro toto (good part)
• Ancestor: NLem gni‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

dnujrà.

• Gloss: ‘Danube’
• Connotation
  • Feminisation
• Ancestor: NLem dnuj‑arg‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

dmà.

• Gloss: ‘3/4’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Dative narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Slowing narrowing
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Feminisation
  • Pars pro toto (good part)
• Ancestor: NLem bmin‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

dmàd.

• Gloss: ‘island’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem dmyd‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dmàk.

• Gloss: ‘brick’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem damk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dmàt.

• Gloss: ‘see’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (weakening, hardening, concretising)
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem demt‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem dmet‑fàw.

dmàpx.

• Gloss: ‘hat, cone’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Pars pro toto (good part)
• Ancestor: NLem bempx‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dmàj.

• Gloss: ‘5/8’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Dative narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Slowing narrowing
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Pars pro toto (good part)
• Ancestor: NLem bmin‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dmet‑fàw.

• Gloss: ‘television’
• Constituents: ModLem dmàt. + fàw.
• Variant: compound

djà.

• Gloss: ‘sell’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem taln‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Irregularity: irregular poststem

djàt.

• Gloss: ‘day, daytime’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem dje‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

djàvf.

• Gloss: ‘week’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem djevf‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

djeipysràd.

• Gloss: ‘Zeus’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem djeipysir‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

djemà.

• Gloss: ‘idea’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Dative narrowing
  • Softening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem djem‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

djià.

• Gloss: ‘god’
• Connotation
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem dzi‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

djingmesrà.

• Gloss: ‘Gaia’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem dzingmesir‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

djistnàt.

• Gloss: ‘Kronos’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
  • Pars pro toto (bad part)
• Ancestor: NLem dziskont‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

djnà.

• Gloss: ‘soil’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Feminisation
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem dznum‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

djnirà.

• Gloss: ‘nomad’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem dznir‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

djmà.

• Gloss: ‘taste’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Dative narrowing
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem djmi‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dwà.

• Gloss: ‘move about’
• Connotations
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem dw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dwà.

• Gloss: ‘two’
• Connotation
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem dwO‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dwàtx.

• Gloss: ‘doubt’
• Connotation
  • Factive widening
• Ancestor: NLem dwatx‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dwàc.

• Gloss: ‘marry’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem dwarn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dwàcj.

• Gloss: ‘enthusiasm’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
• Ancestor: NLem dwarjm‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dwàw.

• Gloss: ‘bottle’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem dwOwr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dwrà.

• Gloss: ‘pasture gate’
• Connotation
  • Weakening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem dwor‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dwnàt.

• Gloss: ‘hit, shatter’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Softening narrowing
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem dwant‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

dwjàw.

• Gloss: ‘twin’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem dwjem‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

bà.

• Gloss: ‘female’
• Ancestor: NLem b‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

banà.

• Gloss: ‘bus’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > South Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NTroy παν /ban DIPHS+STRESS? /
• Variant: [no poststem]

banhà.

• Gloss: ‘custody?’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • good ° hard ° good -> hard ° weak
• Ancestor: NTroy παγςα /baŋʃa DIPHS+STRESS? /
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

bablà.

• Gloss: ‘Babel’
• Ancestor: NLem babel‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

bàbj.

• Gloss: ‘parrot’
• Ancestor: NLem babj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

bàj.

• Gloss: ‘garden’
• Ancestor: NLem baj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

bàx.

• Gloss: ‘backtopoint’
• Ancestor: NLem bax‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

bàx.

• Gloss: ‘Bach’
• Ancestor: NLem bax‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

bàh.

• Gloss: ‘coin’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: Eth bhúšš
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

bàst.

• Gloss: ‘hero’
• Ancestor: NLem bast‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

bermà.

• Gloss: ‘lend’
• Connotation
  • Softening narrowing
• Ancestor: Eth bhérmi
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

bilà.

• Gloss: ‘approve’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Dative narrowing
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem bil‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

botmàb.

• Gloss: ‘Bottom’
• Connotation
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem botom‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

bunà.

• Gloss: ‘coffee’
• Ancestor: NLem buna‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

bucmà.

• Gloss: ‘Boojum’
• Ancestor: NLem bucam‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

blà.

• Gloss: ‘strong’
• Connotation
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem bl‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

blàdj.

• Gloss: ‘announce’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem blUrdz‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

blàp.

• Gloss: ‘momentumunit’
• Connotations
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem bel‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

blàc.

• Gloss: ‘copper’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem blor‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

blàqk.

• Gloss: ‘parliament’
• Connotation
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem bleqk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

blUcnà.

• Gloss: ‘Africa’
• Ancestor: NLem blU‑can‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

bRàj.

• Gloss: ‘iron’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Dative narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Means for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem bRUl‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

bràk.

• Gloss: ‘dwarf’
• Ancestor: NLem bark‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

bràp.

• Gloss: ‘pepper (Piper nigrum)’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem ber‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

bvà.

• Gloss: ‘1/2’
• Connotation
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem bw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

bvegcrà.

• Gloss: ‘the High One (Goddess of spring)’
• Connotations
  • Unsupported ending! Use root for verbs.
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Dative narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and good
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
  • Nominative widening
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
  • Feminisation
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem bwegjrOnt‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

bvyrgcà.

• Gloss: ‘Persephone’
• Connotations
  • Unsupported ending! Use root for verbs.
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
  • Feminisation
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem bwyrgjent‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

bvràc.

• Gloss: ‘dress’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem bwrOr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

bvmàp.

• Gloss: ‘fright, shock’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem bwmi‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

kà.

• Gloss: ‘opposition’
• Ancestor: NLem k‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendants
  • ModLem ilf‑kà.
  • ModLem filps‑kà.

kamlà.

• Gloss: ‘camel’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem kaml‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

kamlàj.

• Gloss: ‘Bactrian camel’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Plural meaning
• Ancestor: NLem kaml‑a
• Variant: poststem from plural

kamlàc.

• Gloss: ‘dromedary’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Singular meaning
• Ancestor: NLem kaml‑a
• Variant: poststem from singular

kàb.

• Gloss: ‘paper’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem kUbr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

kàk.

• Gloss: ‘wheel’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: NLem kUkl‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

kàt.

• Gloss: ‘cat’
• Connotation
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem kat‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

kapulàt.

• Gloss: ‘Capulet’
• Ancestor: NLem kapulet‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

kàjg.

• Gloss: ‘well’
• Ancestor: NLem kejgj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

kàcx.

• Gloss: ‘horn’
• Ancestor: NLem karxn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

kàx.

• Gloss: ‘speedunit’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: NLem koxl‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

kàxk.

• Gloss: ‘regret’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem kexk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

kàxw.

• Gloss: ‘tuber’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
• Ancestor: NLem kuxw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

kàst.

• Gloss: ‘weep’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem kust‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

kàf.

• Gloss: ‘intelligent’
• Ancestor: NLem kafr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

kàfk.

• Gloss: ‘seize’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem kafk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

keltàj.

• Gloss: ‘pendulum’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Plural meaning
• Ancestor: NLem kelt‑a
• Variant: poststem from plural

kolàb.

• Gloss: ‘hummingbird’
• Ancestor: NLem kolibr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

kubrà.

• Gloss: ‘ibex’
• Connotations
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
  • Interval: 5 × 3 = 15 -> major seventh
• Ancestor: NLem kubr‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

kukà.

• Gloss: ‘cuckoo’
• Connotation
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem kuk‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

klà.

• Gloss: ‘steal’
• Connotations
  • Feminisation
• Ancestor: NLem kalp‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

klàt.

• Gloss: ‘tail’
• Connotation
  • Factive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem kelt‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

klàp.

• Gloss: ‘thank’
• Connotation
  • Pars pro toto (bad part)
• Ancestor: NLem talp‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

klàj.

• Gloss: ‘endure, pluck up courage’
• Connotations
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
  • Pars pro toto (bad part)
• Ancestor: NLem tlOn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

klàf.

• Gloss: ‘picture’
• Connotations
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
  • Pars pro toto (bad part)
• Ancestor: NLem talf‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

kRà.

• Gloss: ‘work’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Pars pro toto (bad part)
• Ancestor: NLem teR‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

kRàj.

• Gloss: ‘wire’
• Connotations
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
  • Interval: 2 × 3 = 6 -> perfect fifth
  • Local narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem koRj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

kRàq.

• Gloss: ‘tone’
• Connotations
  • Interval: 2 × 3 = 6 -> perfect fifth
  • Pars pro toto (bad part)
• Ancestor: NLem toRq‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

kRensà.

• Gloss: ‘Trance’
• Connotation
  • Pars pro toto (bad part)
• Ancestor: NLem tRens‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

krà.

• Gloss: ‘timeunit’
• Connotations
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Other possibility: r̥ > ρα
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
  • Feminisation
• Ancestor: NLem kard‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

kràgw.

• Gloss: ‘mad’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Local narrowing
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem krOgwn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

kràd.

• Gloss: ‘heart, beat’
• Ancestor: NLem kerd‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

kràb.

• Gloss: ‘crab’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Local narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem krobl‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

kràt.

• Gloss: ‘hunt’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem kart‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem kryt‑fokàj.

kràj.

• Gloss: ‘ensemble’
• Ancestor: NLem korj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem krij‑fnàwb.

kràw.

• Gloss: ‘trombone’
• Connotation
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
• Ancestor: NLem karw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

kràx.

• Gloss: ‘scratch’
• Connotations
  • Instrumental narrowing
  • Means for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem krUxr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

kràxt.

• Gloss: ‘nimble’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Dative narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
  • Place for material/colour/sound/smell
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem kront‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

kràst.

• Gloss: ‘throat’
• Ancestor: NLem karst‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem droU‑kràst.

krytfokà.

• Gloss: ‘Antarctica’
• Ancestor: ModLem kryt‑fokàj.
• Irregularity: gender change

kryt‑fokàj.

• Gloss: ‘seal hunting’
• Constituents: ModLem kràt. + fokàj.
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • ModLem krytfokà.

krij‑fnàwb.

• Gloss: ‘family’
• Constituents: ModLem kràj. + fnàwb.
• Variant: compound

kroblàj.

• Gloss: ‘castle’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Local narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Plural meaning
• Ancestor: NLem krobl‑a
• Variant: poststem from plural

kroblàc.

• Gloss: ‘Kroblizh (Shabar Castle)’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Local narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Singular meaning
• Ancestor: NLem krobl‑a
• Variant: poststem from singular

kmà.

• Gloss: ‘allow’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem kem‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

khàv.

• Gloss: ‘evident’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem khev‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

khlà.

• Gloss: ‘lace’
• Connotations
  • Interval: 2 × 3 = 6 -> perfect fifth
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem kxol‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

khrà.

• Gloss: ‘fir’
• Connotations
  • Interval: 3 × 3 = 9 -> major second
  • Feminisation
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem kxrobj‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

khrenà.

• Gloss: ‘loop’
• Connotations
  • Interval: 2 × 11 = 22 -> tritone
  • Feminisation
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem kxreint‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

khnà.

• Gloss: ‘gosling’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Temporal narrowing
  • Dative narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Metonymy: time for means (abstracting)
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem kxnU‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

khnà.

• Gloss: ‘shout’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
  • Interval: 5 × 4 = 20 -> major third
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem kxin‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

khwà.

• Gloss: ‘nonconformist’
• Connotations
  • Feminisation
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem kxwar‑n‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

khwàc.

• Gloss: ‘rogue’
• Connotation
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem kxwar‑n‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

ksàf.

• Gloss: ‘shadow, shade’
• Connotation
  • Weakening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem ksef‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

ksrà.

• Gloss: ‘grey’
• Ancestor: NLem ksr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

ksmàj.

• Gloss: ‘tail’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem ksmyn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

ksmàs.

• Gloss: ‘squirrel’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem ksmUs‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

ksfelà.

• Gloss: ‘clock, watch’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem ksfel‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

kfusà.

• Gloss: ‘imagine’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Dative narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem kfus‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

kfrà.

• Gloss: ‘care’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Place for material/colour/sound/smell
  • Feminisation
• Ancestor: NLem kfror‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

kfràjd.

• Gloss: ‘claim’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem kfrOnd‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

kfràc.

• Gloss: ‘important’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Place for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem kfror‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

tà.

• Gloss: ‘this’
• Ancestor: NLem t‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem mesor‑tà.

tamgà.

• Gloss: ‘tango’
• Ancestor: NLem tamgu‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

tàk.

• Gloss: ‘grasp’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem tek‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

tàkf.

• Gloss: ‘academic’
• Connotations
  • Local narrowing
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem tykf‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

tàt.

• Gloss: ‘people, tribe’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem tet‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

tàp.

• Gloss: ‘assume’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: NLem tUp‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

tàj.

• Gloss: ‘city’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem taj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

tàcd.

• Gloss: ‘more’
• Connotations
  • Local narrowing
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem tir‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]
• Irregularity: anomalous poststem formation

tàcs.

• Gloss: ‘land’
• Connotation
  • Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
• Ancestor: NLem tarsn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

tàx.

• Gloss: ‘art’
• Connotation
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: NLem texn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

tàxt.

• Gloss: ‘prince’
• Connotation
  • Factive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem tyxt‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

tàqk.

• Gloss: ‘produce’
• Ancestor: NLem teqk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

telmà.

• Gloss: ‘capacitanceunit’
• Ancestor: Koi τέλμα
• Variant: academic loan
• Irregularity: shortened form

telmàx.

• Gloss: ‘bicycle’
• Ancestor: Koi τηλέμαχ‑ος
• Variant: academic loan
• Irregularity: shortened form

texà.

• Gloss: ‘seed’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem tex‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

tirà.

• Gloss: ‘tiara’
• Connotation
  • South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: NLem tiar‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

tUxà.

• Gloss: ‘chance, luck’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Cohyponymic transfer: obscure for familiar thing (pejorative)
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: NLem tUx‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

trà.

• Gloss: ‘three’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem trO‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

tràgc.

• Gloss: ‘music’
• Connotations
  • Means for material/colour/sound/smell
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem trUgj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

tràd.

• Gloss: ‘twist’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem tar‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

tràt.

• Gloss: ‘ash’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem tart‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

tràw.

• Gloss: ‘witch’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Place for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem trom‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

tràxk.

• Gloss: ‘beaver’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem troxk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

tràfk.

• Gloss: ‘wound’
• Connotation
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem tarfk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

tnà.

• Gloss: ‘nut’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Pars pro toto (bad part)
• Ancestor: NLem kni‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

tnà.

• Gloss: ‘separate [tr.]’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Slowing narrowing
  • Pars pro toto (bad part)
• Ancestor: NLem kn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

tnàdw.

• Gloss: ‘captain’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem tondw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

tnàk.

• Gloss: ‘bone’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem tank‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

tmà.

• Gloss: ‘but’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Softening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem tam‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

txà.

• Gloss: ‘(black) tea’
• Connotation
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem tha‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

txàb.

• Gloss: ‘tunnel’
• Connotation
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem txubl‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

txatxàf.

• Gloss: ‘quicksilver’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Factive widening
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem tsatxaf‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

txàsk.

• Gloss: ‘loud’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem txusk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

txeklàw.

• Gloss: ‘ivory’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Factive narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Nominative widening
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
  • Pars pro toto (bad part)
• Ancestor: NLem tsetlOw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

txoixà.

• Gloss: ‘govern’
• Connotations
  • Nominative widening
  • Interval: 25 × 3 = 75 -> minor third
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem tsoixe‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

tfàd.

• Gloss: ‘forest’
• Connotations
  • Dative narrowing
  • Weakening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem tfydR‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

pà.

• Gloss: ‘ask’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem pi‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

parsàtx.

• Gloss: ‘basket’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: content for container
  • Factive widening
• Ancestor: NLem parsatx‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

pàbc.

• Gloss: ‘poison’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem pibc‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

pàt.

• Gloss: ‘correct’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem pet‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

pàp.

• Gloss: ‘dad’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Dative narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: ModLem psràb.
• Irregularity: baby talk

pàz.

• Gloss: ‘foot’
• Connotation
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem pOz‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

pàv.

• Gloss: ‘straight’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Local narrowing
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem pevn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

pàw.

• Gloss: ‘fold’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem pewl‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

pàx.

• Gloss: ‘leaf’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem pex‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

pàsk.

• Gloss: ‘fish’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem pesk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

pàf.

• Gloss: ‘stand (up)’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem pifn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

pevrà.

• Gloss: ‘lark’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem pevr‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

pifà.

• Gloss: ‘develop’
• Ancestor: NLem pif‑fo‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

pifnà.

• Gloss: ‘evolve’
• Ancestor: NLem pif‑en‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

pifprà.

• Gloss: ‘progress’
• Ancestor: NLem pif‑prO‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

polnà.

• Gloss: ‘list’
• Connotation
  • Nabokov: Conversation Piece, 1945
• Ancestor: Eth bolná
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

podaRàg.

• Gloss: ‘timpani’
• Connotations
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
  • Interval: 5 × 3 = 15 -> major seventh
• Ancestor: NLem podaRugn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

potmàs.

• Gloss: ‘amperageunit’
• Ancestor: Koi ποταμ‑ός
• Variant: academic loan
• Irregularity: shortened form

plà.

• Gloss: ‘city’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem pol‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

plàk.

• Gloss: ‘unlock’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem pylk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem wryt‑plàk.

plàvg.

• Gloss: ‘mould’
• Connotations
  • Instrumental narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem plOvgc‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

plàw.

• Gloss: ‘blow’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem plOm‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

plOqkàj.

• Gloss: ‘bacterium’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
  • Plural meaning
• Ancestor: NLem plOqk‑a
• Variant: poststem from plural
• Descendant
  • ModLem wRi‑plOqkàj.

plUpà.

• Gloss: ‘scorpion’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Local narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
  • Means for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem plUp‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

prà.

• Gloss: ‘front’
• Connotation
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem prO‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendants
  • ModLem dy‑prà.
  • ModLem pril‑nà.

pràg.

• Gloss: ‘tower’
• Connotation
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
• Ancestor: NLem pUrg‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

pràk.

• Gloss: ‘request’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem park‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

pràt.

• Gloss: ‘barely’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem part‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

pràj.

• Gloss: ‘beautiful’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Means for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem prUn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

pràxt.

• Gloss: ‘red deer’
• Connotations
  • Local narrowing
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem prunt‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

pry‑gonàtx.

• Gloss: ‘{museum}’
• Connotations
  • Unsupported ending! Use root for verbs.
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
  • Interval: 5 × 121 = 605 -> minor third
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: ModLem prigonàtx.
• Irregularity: reanalysis
• Descendant
  • ModLem gonàtx.

pril‑nà.

• Gloss: ‘middle’
• Constituents: ModLem prà. + nà.
• Variant: compound
• Descendant
  • ModLem prilne‑ytfà.

prilne‑ytfà.

• Gloss: ‘midnight’
• Constituents: ModLem pril‑nà. + ytfà.
• Variant: compound

prigonàtx.

• Gloss: ‘{museum}’
• Connotations
  • Unsupported ending! Use root for verbs.
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
  • Interval: 5 × 121 = 605 -> minor third
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem prigounts‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem pry‑gonàtx.

proxà.

• Gloss: ‘badger’
• Connotations
  • Nominative widening
  • Interval: 3 × 3 = 9 -> major second
  • Feminisation
• Ancestor: NLem proxekx‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

proxàkh.

• Gloss: ‘woodland creature’
• Connotations
  • Nominative widening
  • Interval: 3 × 3 = 9 -> major second
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem proxekx‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

pnà.

• Gloss: ‘five’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem pin‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

pnàgc.

• Gloss: ‘terrible’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metonymy: content for container
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem pangj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

pnàb.

• Gloss: ‘faun’
• Connotation
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem pan‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

pxlàj.

• Gloss: ‘plain, flat’
• Connotations
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Factive narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and weak
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem pxloj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

psàx.

• Gloss: ‘psyche’
• Connotation
  • South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: NLem psUx‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

pslà.

• Gloss: ‘scissors’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Means for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem pslU‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

psràb.

• Gloss: ‘father’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Dative narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem pser‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]
• Descendants
  • ModLem pàp.
  • ModLem psreb‑qlàp.

psràxk.

• Gloss: ‘froth’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and weak
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Place for material/colour/sound/smell
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem psronk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

psreb‑qlàp.

• Gloss: ‘plastic’
• Constituents: ModLem psràb. + qlàp.
• Variant: compound

pqàb.

• Gloss: ‘angry’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Masculinisation
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem pfi‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

pqàht.

• Gloss: ‘count’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Temporal narrowing
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem pfeht‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

pqoà.

• Gloss: ‘cook’
• Connotations
  • Interval: 7 × 11 = 77 -> minor third
  • Feminisation
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem pfouf‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

pqxarà.

• Gloss: ‘fantasy’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem pqxar‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

jàk.

• Gloss: ‘mouth’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem jek‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

jàt.

• Gloss: ‘name’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem jet‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

jawrà.

• Gloss: ‘jaguar’
• Ancestor: NLem jawar‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

jàx.

• Gloss: ‘move, go’
• Connotation
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem j‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]
• Descendants
  • ModLem jerx‑ilfkà.
  • ModLem jirx‑àf.
  • ModLem jUrx‑ilfkà.

jàxw.

• Gloss: ‘bile’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem jexw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

jàs.

• Gloss: ‘4096’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem jesl‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

jàsk.

• Gloss: ‘beer’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Factive narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem jeskx‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

jerx‑ilfkà.

• Gloss: ‘rise’
• Constituents: ModLem jàx. + ilf‑kà.
• Variant: compound

jexà.

• Gloss: ‘bake’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem jexe‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

jirx‑àf.

• Gloss: ‘lift’
• Constituents: ModLem jàx. + àf.
• Variant: compound

joksràc.

• Gloss: ‘Bear-Lady’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Dative narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and weak
  • Local widening
• Ancestor: NLem joksror‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

jUrx‑ilfkà.

• Gloss: ‘fell, sink’
• Constituents: ModLem jàx. + ilf‑kà.
• Variant: compound

jlàs.

• Gloss: ‘alder’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Dative narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Means for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem jlUs‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

jloà.

• Gloss: ‘Greece’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Slowing narrowing
  • Place for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem jlo‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

jrà.

• Gloss: ‘worm’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem jUr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

jràk.

• Gloss: ‘roe deer’
• Ancestor: NLem jork‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

jnà.

• Gloss: ‘all’
• Connotations
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: ModLem jnà.

jnà.

• Gloss: ‘1/1’
• Connotations
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem can‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Irregularity: irregular development
• Descendant
  • ModLem jnà.

jnàgc.

• Gloss: ‘curious’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem jingj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

jnàj.

• Gloss: ‘bored’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem jenj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

jmàx.

• Gloss: ‘ice’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Local narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem jem‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]
• Descendant
  • ModLem xijq‑jmàx.

jmàxt.

• Gloss: ‘window’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
  • Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Slowing narrowing
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem jmunt‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

jmàs.

• Gloss: ‘door’
• Connotations
  • Temporal narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
  • Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and weak
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Slowing narrowing
  • Metonymy: time for means (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem jmUs‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

jmRàs.

• Gloss: ‘tired’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
  • Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
• Ancestor: NLem jmRas‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

jbàt.

• Gloss: ‘vote’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem jbot‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

jvelà.

• Gloss: ‘chess’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Instrumental narrowing
  • Factive narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem jvelO‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

jhàj.

• Gloss: ‘machine’
• Connotations
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem jhen‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

jsàj.

• Gloss: ‘jail’
• Connotations
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Factive narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem jsoj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

jstà.

• Gloss: ‘sail’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
• Ancestor: NLem jsti‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

jfàxw.

• Gloss: ‘evil’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Temporal narrowing
  • Dative narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem jfOxw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

canxwà.

• Gloss: ‘dark matter’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: NLem canxw‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

càwb.

• Gloss: ‘1/8’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: NLem cambr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

càx.

• Gloss: ‘field’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
  • Temporal narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem cOx‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

càhw.

• Gloss: ‘hair’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem cOhw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

cOàc.

• Gloss: ‘human’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Temporal narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Singular meaning
• Ancestor: NLem cO‑a
• Variant: poststem from singular

cOhfkàt.

• Gloss: ‘electricity’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem cOhfkat‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

crà.

• Gloss: ‘{underworldly}’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: NLem cUr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem vmyj‑crà.

crà.

• Gloss: ‘1/4’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Feminisation
• Ancestor: NLem crumbw‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]
• Descendants
  • ModLem crU‑Ràjg.
  • ModLem fxyrcrà.

cràgc.

• Gloss: ‘drag, pull’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem cargj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

cràw.

• Gloss: ‘law’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: NLem carw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

crU‑Ràjg.

• Gloss: ‘vitamin’
• Constituents: ModLem crà. + Ràjg.
• Variant: compound

cnà.

• Gloss: ‘child’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: NLem cUnw‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]
• Descendant
  • ModLem zmi‑cnà.

cnàdj.

• Gloss: ‘spicy, hot’
• Connotations
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem candz‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

cnàk.

• Gloss: ‘swim’
• Connotations
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem cank‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

cnàzd.

• Gloss: ‘feather’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem cOnzd‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

cnàxw.

• Gloss: ‘dust’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: NLem canxw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

cmàbv.

• Gloss: ‘hurt’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem cambw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

cmàk.

• Gloss: ‘hand’
• Connotations
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem camk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

cgàc.

• Gloss: ‘hedgehog’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Instrumental narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem cgjir‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Irregularity: simplification

zaraqàht.

• Gloss: ‘Zarathustra’
• Ancestor: NLem zaraquhtr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

zràj.

• Gloss: ‘mermaid’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
  • Factive narrowing
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem zrOn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

zrOnà.

• Gloss: ‘mermaid’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
  • Factive narrowing
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem zrOn‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

znàg.

• Gloss: ‘deform’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: NLem zing‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

zmà.

• Gloss: ‘lookAfter’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Temporal narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Dative narrowing
  • Softening narrowing
  • Weakening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem zOm‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem zmi‑cnà.

zmàj.

• Gloss: ‘stone’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Slowing narrowing
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem zmyn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

zmàw.

• Gloss: ‘nightshade’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Slowing narrowing
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem zmingw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem zmymw‑xalà.

zmàxt.

• Gloss: ‘guide’
• Connotations
  • Temporal narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem zOmxt‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

zmàs.

• Gloss: ‘hail’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > South Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Other possibility: thy > ττ
• Ancestor: NLem zmi‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

zmàsk.

• Gloss: ‘shark’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Slowing narrowing
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem zmisk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

zmymw‑xalà.

• Gloss: ‘tomato’
• Constituents: ModLem zmàw. + xalà.
• Variant: compound

zmi‑cnà.

• Gloss: ‘babysit’
• Constituents: ModLem zmà. + cnà.
• Variant: compound

zgwàj.

• Gloss: ‘boat’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem zgwal‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

zdàs.

• Gloss: ‘seat’
• Connotation
  • Perfect meaning
• Ancestor: NLem zd‑a
• Variant: poststem from perfect

zdrà.

• Gloss: ‘pencil’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > South Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem zdor‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

zdnàk.

• Gloss: ‘louse’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Pars pro toto (good part)
• Ancestor: NLem zgank‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

zvà.

• Gloss: ‘sciencefield’
• Ancestor: ModLem zvormàv.
• Irregularity: unclear back formation
• Descendant
  • ModLem zvy‑fmàxt.

zvàc.

• Gloss: ‘friend’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem zvor‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

zvy‑fmàxt.

• Gloss: ‘botany’
• Constituents: ModLem zvà. + fmàxt.
• Variant: compound

zvormàv.

• Gloss: ‘science’
• Ancestor: NLem zvor‑mev‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem zvà.

zwlàc.

• Gloss: ‘sulfur’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem zwlor‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

vàbv.

• Gloss: ‘interest’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Dative narrowing
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem vibwr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

vàsk.

• Gloss: ‘err’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: NLem vesk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

vàq.

• Gloss: ‘choose’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem vi‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

vrà.

• Gloss: ‘bind, tie’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
• Ancestor: NLem ver‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

vnà.

• Gloss: ‘burn, fire’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
  • Feminisation
• Ancestor: NLem vengw‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

vnàt.

• Gloss: ‘chew’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem vont‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

vmàbv.

• Gloss: ‘be astonished’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem vembw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

vmàj.

• Gloss: ‘agaric’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Dative narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Slowing narrowing
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem vmin‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem vmyj‑crà.

vmyj‑crà.

• Gloss: ‘deathcap’
• Constituents: ModLem vmàj. + crà.
• Variant: compound

vmlàv.

• Gloss: ‘bear’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
  • Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
• Ancestor: NLem vmlev‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

vxàzd.

• Gloss: ‘hotel’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Local narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem vxozd‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wàgw.

• Gloss: ‘dog’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem wagw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wàb.

• Gloss: ‘net’
• Connotations
  • Softening narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem wib‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wàtx.

• Gloss: ‘book’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem weth‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wàps.

• Gloss: ‘spider’
• Connotations
  • Softening narrowing
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem wipsr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wàcg.

• Gloss: ‘black’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem wargr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wàcz.

• Gloss: ‘rice’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
• Ancestor: NLem warzn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wàv.

• Gloss: ‘decide’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Dative narrowing
  • Softening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem wevm‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wàwb.

• Gloss: ‘create’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem wimbr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wàx.

• Gloss: ‘speak, say’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem wix‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendants
  • ModLem Rec‑wàx.
  • ModLem wix‑fàw.

wàxp.

• Gloss: ‘stubborn’
• Ancestor: NLem wUxp‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wàhs.

• Gloss: ‘meteor’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem wehs‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wàsp.

• Gloss: ‘bread’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Factive narrowing
  • Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem wesp‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wàqk.

• Gloss: ‘sway’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem wiqk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wàf.

• Gloss: ‘miss’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: itself for act
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem we‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

weRà.

• Gloss: ‘hazel’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem weR‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

weRdà.

• Gloss: ‘branch’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem weRdo‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wemà.

• Gloss: ‘dam’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
  • Factive widening
  • Feminisation
• Ancestor: NLem wemabwr‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

wix‑fàw.

• Gloss: ‘telephone’
• Constituents: ModLem wàx. + fàw.
• Variant: compound

wlàg.

• Gloss: ‘blossom’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem walg‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wlàgc.

• Gloss: ‘swell’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem welgj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wlàt.

• Gloss: ‘guard’
• Connotations
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Place for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem wlot‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wlotà.

• Gloss: ‘film’
• Connotations
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Place for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem wlot‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

wRà.

• Gloss: ‘harm’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem woR‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem wRi‑plOqkàj.

wRi‑plOqkàj.

• Gloss: ‘antibacterial’
• Constituents: ModLem wRà. + plOqkàj.
• Variant: compound

wrà.

• Gloss: ‘carry, bear’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem wer‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wràgc.

• Gloss: ‘climb’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem wergj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wràdj.

• Gloss: ‘chin’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem wardz‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wràks.

• Gloss: ‘wait’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem warks‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wràt.

• Gloss: ‘word’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem wert‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem wryt‑plàk.

wràj.

• Gloss: ‘dare’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem wron‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wràw.

• Gloss: ‘free’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem warw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wràxk.

• Gloss: ‘arm’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem wronk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wràxf.

• Gloss: ‘flow’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Factive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem wirxf‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wràf.

• Gloss: ‘brown’
• Connotations
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem war‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

wryt‑plàk.

• Gloss: ‘password’
• Constituents: ModLem wràt. + plàk.
• Variant: compound

wrOnà.

• Gloss: ‘metaphor’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem wrOn‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

wnàd.

• Gloss: ‘axe’
• Connotation
  • Pejorative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem wind‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wmà.

• Gloss: ‘cover’
• Connotations
  • Temporal narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Slowing narrowing
  • Metonymy: time for means (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem wmU‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wmàb.

• Gloss: ‘weave’
• Ancestor: NLem wemb‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wmàf.

• Gloss: ‘coat’
• Connotations
  • Temporal narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Slowing narrowing
  • Metonymy: time for means (abstracting)
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem wmU‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

wdràg.

• Gloss: ‘fight’
• Connotations
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
  • Local narrowing
  • Factive narrowing
  • Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
  • Place for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem wdrogn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wzà.

• Gloss: ‘protect’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
  • Feminisation
• Ancestor: NLem wzar‑k‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

wzàc.

• Gloss: ‘rain’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem wzar‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wzàhk.

• Gloss: ‘umbrella’
• Connotation
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem wzar‑k‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wxàjg.

• Gloss: ‘promise’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem wxung‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

wsàc.

• Gloss: ‘spring’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem wsar‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xalà.

• Gloss: ‘apple’
• Connotations
  • Dative narrowing
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem xaOl‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendants
  • ModLem memqx‑xalà.
  • ModLem zmymw‑xalà.

xalàv.

• Gloss: ‘gut’
• Ancestor: NLem xal‑ev‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xaràhk.

• Gloss: ‘month’
• Ancestor: NLem xar‑ihk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xarpà.

• Gloss: ‘harpy’
• Ancestor: NLem xarpU‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xàd.

• Gloss: ‘hare’
• Connotations
  • Instrumental narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Slowing narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem xOdn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xàbv.

• Gloss: ‘wind force 4/6’
• Connotation
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem xUbw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xàk.

• Gloss: ‘point’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem xak‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xàps.

• Gloss: ‘weather’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Dative narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem djeps‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Irregularity: simplification and voicing assimilation (from the weekday)
• Descendant
  • ModLem xàps.

xàps.

• Gloss: ‘Jupiter’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Dative narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
• Ancestor: ModLem xàps.

xàj.

• Gloss: ‘grass’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: content for container
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem xoj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xajRà.

• Gloss: ‘crane’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and strong
  • Weakening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem xajR‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

xàjg.

• Gloss: ‘whooper swan (<i>Cygnus cygnus</i>)’
• Connotation
  • Factive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem xajgn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xàjq.

• Gloss: ‘mountain’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem xojqt‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem xijq‑jmàx.

xàc.

• Gloss: ‘ride’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem xic‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xàcg.

• Gloss: ‘light, bright’
• Ancestor: NLem xargr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendants
  • ModLem xacg‑àzw.
  • ModLem xycg‑myhrà.

xacg‑àzw.

• Gloss: ‘twinkle’
• Constituents: ModLem xàcg. + àzw.
• Variant: compound

xàz.

• Gloss: ‘breathe’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: itself for act
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem xez‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xàx.

• Gloss: ‘wind force 1/6’
• Ancestor: NLem xUxr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xàxp.

• Gloss: ‘wind force 5/6’
• Ancestor: NLem xUxp‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xaxpqà.

• Gloss: ‘swan’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem xaxpfi‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xàxs.

• Gloss: ‘rotate’
• Ancestor: NLem xaxs‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xaxsà.

• Gloss: ‘waltz’
• Ancestor: NLem xaxs‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

xàsk.

• Gloss: ‘search’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem xesk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem xisk‑ràc.

xàf.

• Gloss: ‘water’
• Ancestor: NLem xaf‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xepàz.

• Gloss: ‘root’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem xepOz‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xyrtksà.

• Gloss: ‘Artemis’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Feminisation
• Ancestor: NLem xyrtksor‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

xycg‑myhrà.

• Gloss: ‘laser’
• Constituents: ModLem xàcg. + myh‑rà.
• Variant: compound

xikà.

• Gloss: ‘sneak in’
• Ancestor: NTroy ϲιξξω /hikko DIPHS+STRESS? /
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xijq‑jmàx.

• Gloss: ‘iceberg’
• Constituents: ModLem xàjq. + jmàx.
• Variant: compound

xisk‑ràc.

• Gloss: ‘compass’
• Constituents: ModLem xàsk. + ràc.
• Variant: compound

xoà.

• Gloss: ‘slide’
• Ancestor: NLem xo‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

xOàj.

• Gloss: ‘hear’
• Connotations
  • Instrumental narrowing
  • Plural meaning
• Ancestor: NLem xO‑a
• Variant: poststem from plural

xudjàs.

• Gloss: ‘testify’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • weak ° bad -> up
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NTroy χοζισ /xudzis DIPHS+STRESS? /
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xUxtrà.

• Gloss: ‘comet’
• Ancestor: NLem xUxter‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xlà.

• Gloss: ‘wool’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem xUl‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xlàj.

• Gloss: ‘strange’
• Ancestor: NLem xalj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xRà.

• Gloss: ‘adult’
• Ancestor: NLem xuR‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xRàbv.

• Gloss: ‘gale’
• Connotations
  • Dative narrowing
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem xURbw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xrà.

• Gloss: ‘lengthunit’
• Ancestor: NLem xer‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xràtx.

• Gloss: ‘fear’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem xartx‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xràp.

• Gloss: ‘hook’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem xarp‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xràj.

• Gloss: ‘profession’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: itself for act
  • Factive narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem xer‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

xràw.

• Gloss: ‘wolf’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem xrOm‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xnà.

• Gloss: ‘earth’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Softening narrowing
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Feminisation
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem dznis‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]
• Irregularity: simplification and voicing assimilation (from the weekday)

xnàt.

• Gloss: ‘wind, blow’
• Connotations
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Weakening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem xont‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xnrà.

• Gloss: ‘spouse’s sibling’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Weakening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem xnir‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xmàj.

• Gloss: ‘Uranus’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem xmun‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xmàs.

• Gloss: ‘baby’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem xmus‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xmlàg.

• Gloss: ‘milk’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem xmylg‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xklàj.

• Gloss: ‘soap’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem xklon‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xtà.

• Gloss: ‘eight’
• Connotations
  • Local narrowing
  • Instrumental narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem xtO‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xtàj.

• Gloss: ‘dig’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem xt‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

xtrà.

• Gloss: ‘reside’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem xtrO‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xtràj.

• Gloss: ‘planet’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem xter‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

xpàd.

• Gloss: ‘shoe’
• Connotations
  • Instrumental narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem xpodm‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xpàj.

• Gloss: ‘7/8’
• Connotation
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem xp‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

xpàf.

• Gloss: ‘people’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Instrumental narrowing
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem xpif‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xprà.

• Gloss: ‘hyp’
• Connotations
  • Instrumental narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and good
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
  • Feminisation
• Ancestor: NLem xprol‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]
• Irregularity: academic formation

xpràj.

• Gloss: ‘hyperbola’
• Connotations
  • Instrumental narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and good
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem xprol‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xwà.

• Gloss: ‘hobby’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: effect/purpose for cause/motive
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Instrumental narrowing
  • Feminisation
• Ancestor: NLem xwyx‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

xsrà.

• Gloss: ‘Venus’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem xsor‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

xfàft.

• Gloss: ‘manganese’
• Connotations
  • Dative narrowing
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem xfaftf‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

habà.

• Gloss: ‘Shabar’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Factive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem haba‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

hàt.

• Gloss: ‘pig’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: NLem hit‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

hàc.

• Gloss: ‘clean’
• Connotations
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem harn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

hàhs.

• Gloss: ‘energypermassunit’
• Connotations
  • Temporal narrowing
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem hahs‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

hemàs.

• Gloss: ‘Seamus’
• Ancestor: NLem hemys‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

hinà.

• Gloss: ‘Shinar’

huràj.

• Gloss: ‘cackle’
• Connotations
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Plural meaning
• Ancestor: NLem hur‑a
• Variant: poststem from plural

hlà.

• Gloss: ‘salt’
• Connotations
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem hel‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

hlàg.

• Gloss: ‘wall’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: NLem halg‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

hrà.

• Gloss: ‘yelp’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: NLem hur‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

hràk.

• Gloss: ‘gravel’
• Ancestor: NLem hark‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

hràw.

• Gloss: ‘smooth’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: NLem harw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

hnàxt.

• Gloss: ‘fate’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem hnunt‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

hkàt.

• Gloss: ‘autumn’
• Connotations
  • Temporal narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem hketm‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

htenà.

• Gloss: ‘flerovium’
• Ancestor: Eth šthénu
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

htrà.

• Gloss: ‘sibling’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Pejorative narrowing
  • Metonymy: effect/purpose for cause/motive
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Totum pro parte (strong whole)
  • Instrumental narrowing
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem htir‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

hzàd.

• Gloss: ‘donkey’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Slowing narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem hzOdn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

saphàs.

• Gloss: ‘bail’
• Connotation
  • quick ° weak -> bad ° weak
• Ancestor: NTroy σαψςασ /sapʃas DIPHS+STRESS? /
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

saxàf.

• Gloss: ‘trumpet’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem salpn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Irregularity: irregular development

sàsp.

• Gloss: ‘minister’
• Connotations
  • Dative narrowing
  • Temporal narrowing
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem sasp‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

selà.

• Gloss: ‘angleunit’
• Connotation
  • Feminisation
• Ancestor: NLem selen‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

soàx.

• Gloss: ‘cook’
• Connotations
  • Nominative widening
  • Interval: 25 × 3 = 75 -> minor third
• Ancestor: NLem soux‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

sokrateàs.

• Gloss: ‘Socrates’
• Ancestor: Koi σωκράτη‑ς
• Variant: academic loan

susnà.

• Gloss: ‘Susan’
• Ancestor: NLem susan‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

slàc.

• Gloss: ‘butter’
• Connotation
  • Means for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem slUc‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

srà.

• Gloss: ‘rot’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Metonymy: itself for act
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem srO‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

sràb.

• Gloss: ‘write’
• Connotation
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem esr‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]
• Irregularity: irregular development

sràj.

• Gloss: ‘meet’
• Connotation
  • Plural meaning
• Ancestor: NLem sr‑a
• Variant: poststem from plural

sràc.

• Gloss: ‘link’
• Connotation
  • Singular meaning
• Ancestor: NLem sr‑a
• Variant: poststem from singular

sràwd.

• Gloss: ‘adequate, functional’
• Connotations
  • Dative narrowing
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Cause/motive for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem sruwdl‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

sràwb.

• Gloss: ‘{push}’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Means for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem srUmb‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem ràwb.

sràx.

• Gloss: ‘sugar’
• Ancestor: NLem sarx‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

sràq.

• Gloss: ‘queue’
• Ancestor: NLem sreq‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

srUà.

• Gloss: ‘play a rule-governed game’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Means for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem srU‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

snàw.

• Gloss: ‘snow’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem sningw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

snàs.

• Gloss: ‘daughter-in-law’
• Ancestor: NLem snus‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

snàq.

• Gloss: ‘bite’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem sniq‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

snràk.

• Gloss: ‘knot’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem snyrk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

snràk.

• Gloss: ‘Snark’
• Connotation

smà.

• Gloss: ‘mean’
• Connotation
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
• Ancestor: NLem sem‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

smàj.

• Gloss: ‘remember’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem smyn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

smàv.

• Gloss: ‘lick’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: message for sender
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem smiv‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

smrà.

• Gloss: ‘function’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem smir‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

smràsk.

• Gloss: ‘cabinet’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem smyrsk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

skàsk.

• Gloss: ‘settlement’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: content for sender (abstracting)
  • Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem skesk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

skàqk.

• Gloss: ‘shard’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem skeqk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

sklà.

• Gloss: ‘bridge’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Other possibility: l̥ > λα
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
  • Pars pro toto (bad part)
• Ancestor: NLem stel‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

sklàg.

• Gloss: ‘prove, turn out’
• Connotation
  • Pars pro toto (bad part)
• Ancestor: NLem stelg‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

sklàxt.

• Gloss: ‘room’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Dative narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem sklont‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

sklontà.

• Gloss: ‘cell’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Dative narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem sklont‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

skrà.

• Gloss: ‘egg’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Dative narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
  • Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Slowing narrowing
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
  • Feminisation
• Ancestor: NLem skrOngj‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

skràp.

• Gloss: ‘split, divide, break’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem skarp‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

skràj.

• Gloss: ‘prick, sting’
• Connotation
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem skerdz‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Irregularity: possibly dialect borrowing

skràc.

• Gloss: ‘finger’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Dative narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
  • Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem skrOr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

skmà.

• Gloss: ‘256’
• Connotations
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem skam‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

skmàw.

• Gloss: ‘butcher’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Slowing narrowing
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem skmim‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

skholà.

• Gloss: ‘school’
• Connotation
  • Pars pro toto (weak part)
• Ancestor: NLem skxol‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

stàd.

• Gloss: ‘story’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem stedr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

stàjg.

• Gloss: ‘hard’
• Ancestor: NLem stalgr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

stedràj.

• Gloss: ‘novel’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Plural meaning
• Ancestor: NLem stedr‑a
• Variant: poststem from plural

stedràc.

• Gloss: ‘legend’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Singular meaning
• Ancestor: NLem stedr‑a
• Variant: poststem from singular

strà.

• Gloss: ‘cow, bull’
• Connotation
  • Dative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem star‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

stràg.

• Gloss: ‘(small) box’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Local narrowing
  • Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
  • Place for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem strogn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

stràz.

• Gloss: ‘Crimean’
• Connotations
  • Dative narrowing
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem star‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

stnàg.

• Gloss: ‘limp’
• Connotation
  • Pars pro toto (bad part)
• Ancestor: NLem skeng‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

stnàgc.

• Gloss: ‘go, climb’
• Connotation
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem stingj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

stnàt.

• Gloss: ‘sparrow’
• Connotations
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Pars pro toto (bad part)
• Ancestor: NLem skont‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

spàj.

• Gloss: ‘sad’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem spalm‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

spàz.

• Gloss: ‘happy’
• Connotations
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem sp‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

spàsk.

• Gloss: ‘dolphin’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Instrumental narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem spesk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

splàj.

• Gloss: ‘shore’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: content for container
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem spolj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

spràdj.

• Gloss: ‘flee’
• Connotation
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem sperdz‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

spràw.

• Gloss: ‘butterfly’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem sprOwl‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

sjà.

• Gloss: ‘sew’
• Connotation
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem sje‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

swàzw.

• Gloss: ‘glad’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: cause/motive for effect/purpose
• Ancestor: NLem swazw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

swàv.

• Gloss: ‘throw, hurl’
• Ancestor: NLem swiv‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

swàh.

• Gloss: ‘six’
• Ancestor: NLem sweh‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

swnàt.

• Gloss: ‘believe’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem swent‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

swmilà.

• Gloss: ‘moth’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
  • Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
  • Softening narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap hard and strong
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem swmil‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

sxarà.

• Gloss: ‘energy’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem sxar‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

sxrà.

• Gloss: ‘petrol’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem sxar‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

sxnàz.

• Gloss: ‘sun’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem sxun‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

qàc.

• Gloss: ‘temperatureunit’
• Ancestor: NLem qerm‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

qàzg.

• Gloss: ‘think’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem qizgw‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

qàxk.

• Gloss: ‘fly, beat one’s wings’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: NLem qexk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

qàs.

• Gloss: ‘winter’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: NLem qisn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

qàf.

• Gloss: ‘seven’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem qif‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

qentà.

• Gloss: ‘smoke tobacco’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: NLem qent‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem qentu‑glàf.

qentu‑glàf.

• Gloss: ‘cigar’
• Constituents: ModLem qentà. + glàf.
• Variant: compound

qlà.

• Gloss: ‘farm’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: NLem qel‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

qlàp.

• Gloss: ‘tar’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: NLem qelp‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem psreb‑qlàp.

qrà.

• Gloss: ‘animal’
• Connotations
  • Or 1st mora stressed?
  • Proto-Indo-European > Early Hellenic not finished yet!
  • Early Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
• Ancestor: NLem qer‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

qnàg.

• Gloss: ‘hold, overpower’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: NLem qeng‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

qnàd.

• Gloss: ‘order’
• Connotations
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
  • Nominative narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem qend‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

qnàt.

• Gloss: ‘smoke’
• Connotations
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: NLem qent‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

qnexà.

• Gloss: ‘save [money]’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: container for content
• Ancestor: Eth þnejxa
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

qmà.

• Gloss: ‘group’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: NLem qem‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

qmàxz.

• Gloss: ‘sand’
• Connotation
  • Totum pro parte (weak whole)
• Ancestor: NLem qemxz‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

qkràdj.

• Gloss: ‘artichoke’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Pars pro toto (strong part)
• Ancestor: NLem qkerdz‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

qtrà.

• Gloss: ‘arrange’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem qtrO‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

fàt.

• Gloss: ‘fast’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem fet‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

fàph.

• Gloss: ‘suck’
• Connotations
  • Dative narrowing
  • Strengthening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem foph‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

fàps.

• Gloss: ‘Neptune’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for place
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Temporal narrowing
  • Dative narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem fOps‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem filps‑kà.

fàw.

• Gloss: ‘far’
• Connotations
  • Factive narrowing
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem fo‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]
• Descendants
  • ModLem dmet‑fàw.
  • ModLem wix‑fàw.

fàs.

• Gloss: ‘kiss’
• Connotation
  • Temporal narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem fOs‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

fàst.

• Gloss: ‘peck’
• Connotations
  • Temporal narrowing
  • Local narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem fOst‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

fafurà.

• Gloss: ‘banknote’
• Ancestor: Eth fafũra
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

filps‑kà.

• Gloss: ‘midsummer’
• Constituents: ModLem fàps. + kà.
• Variant: compound

fisà.

• Gloss: ‘pear’
• Connotation
  • Factive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem fis‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

fokàj.

• Gloss: ‘seal’
• Connotations
  • South Hellenic > Koine not finished yet!
  • Plural meaning
• Ancestor: NLem fok‑a
• Variant: poststem from plural
• Descendant
  • ModLem kryt‑fokàj.

fOpysràf.

• Gloss: ‘FatherChristmas’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: place for place
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem fOpysir‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

flàc.

• Gloss: ‘blue’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem flOr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

frà.

• Gloss: ‘twelve’
• Ancestor: NLem fr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

fràg.

• Gloss: ‘Mars’
• Connotations
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem frOgr‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

fragmà.

• Gloss: ‘resistanceunit’
• Ancestor: Koi φράγμα
• Variant: academic loan
• Irregularity: shortened form

fràdj.

• Gloss: ‘perceive’
• Connotations
  • Act for material/colour/sound/smell
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
  • Factive narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Place for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem frodj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

fràj.

• Gloss: ‘cloud’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Means for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem frUn‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

fràc.

• Gloss: ‘stove’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and weak
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Weakening narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem fror‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

fràw.

• Gloss: ‘amble, stroll, walk’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem frOm‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

fràx.

• Gloss: ‘astonish’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem frux‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

fràxk.

• Gloss: ‘fruit’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem frOnk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

fràs.

• Gloss: ‘uncle’
• Connotations
  • Metaphor (pejorative & weakening, concretising)
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Metonymy: sender for content (abstracting)
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Time for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem frOs‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

frekràf.

• Gloss: ‘Ares’
• Connotations
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Masculinisation
• Ancestor: NLem frekur‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

frodjà.

• Gloss: ‘witness’
• Connotations
  • Act for material/colour/sound/smell
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Proto-Indo-European > Proto-Celtic not finished yet!
  • Factive narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Place for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem frodj‑a
• Variant: [no poststem]

fnà.

• Gloss: ‘try’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Metaphor (strengthening, abstracting)
  • Weakening narrowing
  • Feminisation
• Ancestor: NLem fing‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

fnàt.

• Gloss: ‘yearn’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem fnyt‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

fnàwb.

• Gloss: ‘relative’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem fnumb‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem krij‑fnàwb.

fnàsf.

• Gloss: ‘feel’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Metonymy: act for addressee (abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem fnysf‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

fmàxk.

• Gloss: ‘spill’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metaphor (pejorative, abstracting)
  • Melioration narrowing
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem fmink‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

fmàxt.

• Gloss: ‘plant’
• Connotations
  • Accusative narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap hard and weak
  • Metonymy: place for cause/motive (abstracting)
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
• Ancestor: NLem fmunt‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem zvy‑fmàxt.

fkrà.

• Gloss: ‘archer’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem fkur‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

fkràj.

• Gloss: ‘tortoise’
• Connotations
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
  • Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem fkrongj‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

ftàx.

• Gloss: ‘play’
• Connotation
  • Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem ftax‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

ftràsk.

• Gloss: ‘sneeze’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem ftarsk‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

ftnàk.

• Gloss: ‘eagle’
• Connotations
  • Metonymy (strengthening, pejorative, concretising)
  • Metonymy (melioration, weakening, concretising)
• Ancestor: NLem ftank‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

fplà.

• Gloss: ‘sky’
• Connotations
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
  • Feminisation
• Ancestor: NLem fpalx‑a
• Variant: gender change [or clarification]

fplàx.

• Gloss: ‘sky’
• Connotation
  • Causative/persuasive narrowing
• Ancestor: NLem fpalx‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

fpràf.

• Gloss: ‘rustle, whisper’
• Connotations
  • Strengthening narrowing
  • Nominative narrowing
  • Metaphor (melioration, abstracting)
  • Auto-converse: swap quick and bad
  • Metonymy (pejorative, strengthening, concretising)
  • Metaphor (weakening, abstracting)
  • Means for material/colour/sound/smell
• Ancestor: NLem fprUf‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]

fxàc.

• Gloss: ‘dragon’
• Ancestor: NLem fxurm‑a
• Variant: [ordinary poststem]
• Descendant
  • ModLem fxyrcrà.

fxyrcrà.

• Gloss: ‘lizard’
• Constituents: ModLem fxàc. + crà.
• Variant: compound
• Irregularity: simplification